Emotions
_____ are a guiding force behind the decisions and actions individuals take in daily life
Emotions
Damage to Wernicke's area results in...
receptive aphasia with problems understanding spoken and written language
Used in infant mental health, and describes how bonding between an infant and caregiver leads to relationship experiences later in life. It is often used to explain the negative impact of deprivation, neglect, and maltreatment on young children.
Attachment theory
What is the severity level of IDD based on?
Used to be based on IQ but now based on adaptive functioning levels
Which subtype of ADHD is the most prevalent?
ADHD-C (combined type)
To be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), individuals must display a pattern of defiance lasting at least _____ months with symptoms exhibited at least once a week, or if it's under this amount of time, symptoms must occur most days of the week.
6 months
Which eating disorder features the psychopathological fear of fatness with apparently normal weight, with episodes of binging and purging?
bulimia nervosa
_____ is the KEY distinction between a healthy and disordered personality
flexibility
________ are more basic, quick judgments about whether an experience was pleasant or unpleasant
Damage to Broca's area results in...
expressive or motor aphasia, with difficulty generating spoken or written language
- Mentalizing/Theory of Mind
- Central coherence
Which level of IDD is described:
- dependent in ADLs, may follow one/two-step directions that are concrete. Typically have co-occurring conditions.
profound
For a diagnosis of ADHD, symptoms must be present in _____ or more in the person's life.
2
Role of OT in clients with disruptive behavior disorders?
Assess the impact of cognitive, sensory processing, and emotion regulation concerns as they relate to problematic behaviors → When the individual is able to recognize the trigger behind reactive behaviors, he or she can employ strategies to address the concern
What are the 2 subtypes of anorexia nervosa?
- restricting type
- binge eating/purging type
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized as:
emotional, erratic, and explosive--tend to blame others
The OTPF calls emotional regulation a ______________ ___________.
performance skill
_______ refers to a language impairment
aphasia
What are the 5 Social & Emotional Learning (SEL) competencies?
2. Self management
3. Social awareness
4. Relationship skills
5. Responsible decision making
Which level of IDD is described:
may be independent with self care with a lot of training. Can maintain friendships, but may have difficulty with social cues. Visual cues work for education, but require a lot of repetition
Performance in academic skills is significantly below peers; generally an elementary school level
moderate
When are children typically diagnosed with ADHD?
when symptoms interfere with school performance (especially with inattentive type)
What age range is intermittent explosive disorder typically diagnosed?
between 6 and 18 y/o
Angry/irritable mood (easily annoyed)
Argumentative/defiant behavior (often refuses to comply with authority figures or rules)
Vindictiveness (spitefulness) other than with a sibling, has to be with someone else
A client that has an eating disorder characterized by excessive self-control likely has:
anorexia nervosa
Cluster C personality disorders are characterized as:
anxious & fearful
What are the four basic phases of the Modal Model of Emotions?
- Situation
- Attention
- Appraisal
- Response
If someone can understand what others are saying, but is not aware that they are only repeating the same word over and over again, what type of aphasia does this person have?
Wernicke's aphasia
What are the 3 stages of Yalom's group development theory?
1. orientation
2. conflict
3. maturity
Which level of IDD is described:
may work jobs in the community and be able to live independently, but they cannot manage conceptual demands
Jobs would be straightforward and basic where they can follow directions
Mild
What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD?
- predominantly attentive (ADHD-I)
- predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI)
- combined types (ADHD-C)
This diagnosis is only given to individuals 18 years of age and older AND ONLY if there is a history of symptoms of conduct disorder before age 15
Antisocial personality disorder
Aggression to people and animals
Destruction of property (with the intention of causing serious damage)
Deceitfulness or theft (stealing things with nontrivial value)
Serious violations of rules
These two types of eating disorders feel very out of control:
- bulimia nervosa
- binge eating disorders
Cluster A personality disorders are characterized as:
_____ _____ is a prerequisite for affective mentalizing, which however interacts with emotional empathy
Cognitive mentalizing
Therapeutic factors in groups? (according to group development theory by Yalom)
Interpersonal learning → learning from the group
Self-understanding → realize why your own actions occur and what's happening in interactions
Imparting information → give others info and support other people
Imitative behaviors → try to practice others behaviors
Minimize distractions, speak slowly in chunks, DO NOT REPEAT (will just start trying to process all over again), more visual, use closed questions (yes/no answers, then lean in to open questions as tolerated), be CONCISE, do not interrupt them & give extra time to respond
Name at least 3 interventions OTs can do for ADHD clients.
- Dynamic Interaction Approach: teaching compensatory strategies for executive dysfunction
- CO-OP approach: goal-plan-do-check routine for setting goals
- Alert program: sensorimotor strategies to manage arousal state
- play-based interventions
- mental health promotion: activities from Every Moment Counts website
For adults to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, the individual must display 3 or more of these behaviors:
failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors,
deceitfulness,(lying)
impulsivity
irritability and aggressiveness,
disregard for safety of self or others, and
lack of remorse
Name some intervention approaches supporting occupational performance for clients with eating disorders.
- CBT - challenge faulty thoughts and cognitive distortions
- Motivational interviewing - what is the person’s readiness to change? Gearing our intervention toward that readiness
- DBT/ACT (Third wave→ Challenging one’s thoughts paired with an acceptance of it. Set goals based on values, not on emotions that drive you).
- Looking at healthy routines and habits
T/F: DBT is effective treatment for PD.
True
“thinking about thinking” (metacognition); thinking about whether people are thinking the same
Cognitive theory of mind
Attachment disorder where child approaches unfamiliar adults in an overly familiar way
DSE (Disinhibited Social Engagement)
List out at least 3 areas of difficulties in social skills people with autism may have.
Some have very little interest in relating to other people, whereas others desire social relationships but have difficulty negotiating the social context.
Difficulty with reciprocal communication which involves showing an interest in others and what they are communicating
Making eye contact, understanding another person’s perspective, asking inquisitive questions are difficult
May not pay attention to other people’s speech of facial expressions
Difficulty with central coherence
An impulse control disorder associated with tension or anxiety that is relieved by stealing
The stolen objects are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value - the stealing is not committed to express anger or vengeance and is not in response to delusion or hallucination. More of a compulsion.
kleptomania
the 5 Key Cognitive Aspects affecting motivation and volition in clients with eating disorders?
Overvaluation of weight, shape and their control
Mood intolerance - cannot tolerate negative feelings and ED is a way of managing that anxiety
Core low self-esteem - the driver of ED which can affect relationships (also a consequence of ED)
Perfectionism - need to be in control
Interpersonal problems
trust-based relational interventions (TBRI)
thinking if other people are feeling the same way as I am
Affective theory of mind
Attachment disorder where child is emotionally withdrawn and does not go to caregiver when distressed
RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder)
Which level of IDD is described:
generally requires supervision 24/7. Don’t understand numbers or reading, limited vocabulary. Communication is focused on the present. Understands simple speech and gestures
Need caregiver support for problem-solving in all areas throughout the lifespan
severe
Impulse control disorder, Involves deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion
The individual experiences tension or arousal before the act of fire-setting and a sense of relief or pleasure in the fire’s aftermath (similar to OCD relationship b/w obsession and compulsion)
Fascination with fire - extreme preoccupation with fire that interferes with other occupations
Associated with other types of impulsive behavior
pyromania
CBT - challenge faulty thoughts and cognitive distortions
Motivational interviewing - what is the person’s readiness to change? Gearing our intervention toward that readiness
DBT/ACT (Third wave→ Challenging one’s thoughts paired with an acceptance of it. Set goals based on values, not on emotions that drive you).
Looking at healthy routines and habits
What should OTs focus on when treating clients with personality disorders?
the four core areas of impairments (thinking, feeling, impulse control, relationships) in the context of occupational performance
What are the the two neurotransmitters are affected in ASD?
GABA (excitatory) and glutamate (inhibitory)
Although ED is more common in females than males, males tend to use _____ _______ rather than purging methods for weight control.