Embryology
What does the neural crest gives rise to?
The CNS
Where is the Broca's Area? Where is the Wernicke's area?
Broca Area: Frontal lobe
Wernicke Area: Temporal lobe
What makes up the PNS?
Cranial nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic system
What are some causes of hemorrhagic stroke?
Hypertension, brain tumor, vascular diseases, amyloid microangiopathy, bleeding tendency
Which region of the CNS is the main control center for the ANS?
the Hypothalamus
What is the primary and also the secondary vesicles that the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia and lateral ventricles stem from?
Primary Vesicle:Prosencephalon, Secondary Vesicle:Telencephalon
What are the four anatomical lobes? What are the the functional lobes?
Anatomical lobes: Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital
Functional lobes: Insula and limbic
What is the only cranial nerve that relays sensation directly to the cortex without going to the thalamus first?
CN I - Olfactory nerve
What are some common CNS infections? Name 5.
meningitis, Tuberculosis, Brain abscess, lysteriosis, Neurosyphilis, (bacterial)
Viral meningitis, herpes encephalitis, rabies
Cryptococcal meningitis
Neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis
What are some ganglions of sympathetic division?
Celiac ganglion, Superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion
What are the fates of the alar and basal plates in the spinal cord?
The alar plate becomes the dorsal horn composed of sensory neurons, and the basal plate becomes the ventral horn composed of motor neurons.
what are the three types of white fiber tracts?
1. Commissural fibers
2. Association fibes
3. Projection fibers
What are the four nerves plexuses? Which nerves do not form a plexus?
1. Cervical plexus
2. Brachial plexus
3. Lumbar plexus
4. Sacral plexus
The thoracic nerves
What are some neurodegenerative diseases? Name 5
Alzheimher disease, parkinson disease, Huntingtons disease, ALS, Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy
What are the rami communicantes in the sympathetic division? are there any in the parasympathetic division?
They are gray and white. White contain myelinated preganglionic axons; gray contain unmyelinated postganglionic axons.
There is none.
What does the Rhombencephalon gives rise to?
1. pons
2. cerebellum
3. Medulla
4. Upper part of fourth ventricle
5. lower part of fourth ventricle
What are the meninges of the brain? list from superior to inferior
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What are some major nerves in the arms?
1. axillary nerve
2. radial nerve
3. musculo cutaneous nerve
4. ulnar nerve
5. median nerve
In which area is an aneurysm more likely to occur? What are some complications of aneurysms?
Circle of Willis
Hypovolemic shock, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm
What is the parasympathetic effects on the eye(iris), what are the sympathetic effects on it?
Parasympathetic effect: Stimulates constrictor muscles; constricts eye pupils
Sympathetic effect: Stimulates dilator muscles, dilates eye pupils
What does the Prosencephalon gives rise to?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
then the cerebral hemispheres, Basal ganglia, lateral ventricles, thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle
What deficits may result from injury to the occipital lobe?
The visual cortex and association area are located in the occipital lobe. visual deficits would results from injury to this region
What area of the body does not have any dermatomes?
face
What region is particularly sensitive to ischemia and hypoxia?
1. Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells
2. Brain Cortex layer 3 and 5, pyramidal cells (hypoxia induced -laminar necrosis)
3. Watershed zones
What is the parasympathetic effect on the digestive tract organs? What is the sympathetic effect
Parasympathetic: increases motility and amount of secretion by digestive organs, allow movement of food along the tract
Sympathetic: Decreases activity of glands and muscles of digestive system and constricts sphincters, causes vasoconstriction