Spinal Cord and Tracts
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs.
What are the two basic functions of the cerebellum?
Balance and coordination.
Name the three distinct regions of the brainstem.
Medulla, pons and midbrain
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
Sense of smell.
The motor end plate is also known as what?
What is the end of the spinal cord called? *Bonus 200 pts* also name the sack of nerve roots at the end.
Conus medullaris. *bonus* cauda equina
The cerebellum sends modifications to the motor cortex/LMNS via what type of pathways?
Extrapyramidal pathways.
What is the critical function of the medulla?
It is responsible for respiration especially tidal and vegetative breathing which keeps us alive.
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear/vestibuloacoustic nerve?
Sense of hearing. The auditory info is sent from the cochlea to the brainstem.
This type of neuron run from the cortex to the spinal cord and contains cell bodies and axon. It is located entirely within the central nervous system.
Upper Motor Neuron
The cell bodies in which root are are efferent fibers?
The ventral root (horn).
The anterior lobe of the cerebellum that modifies muscle one and walking posture. Not a lot of skill movement is required to accomplish upright posture walking tone.
Paleocerebellum
This structure is critical for vital life functions. It inhibits, facilitates, modifies, and regulates all cortical functions. Regulates emotions, mood, and cognition. Maintains homeostatic state of vital functions.
Reticular formation
Name the 12 cranial nerves.
Olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
This type of lower motor neuron is the final common pathway of motor information on its way to a muscle
alpha lower motor neuron
Which ascending tract carries information about the fine precise sense of touch and proprioception (information about our awareness of our bodies positioning in space)?
The dorsum column medial lemniscus.
The posterior lobe of the cerebellum that is used for the coordination of the fine or skilled movements. It is the newest region that communicates with the cerebral cortex.
Neocerebellum
This syndrome can come from a lesion in the brainstem. It is the complete paralysis of voluntary muscles except for those that control the eyes.
locked in syndrome
Name the sensory and motor functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Sensory: taste from POSTERIOR 1/3 of the tongue
Motor: innervates the pharynx and aids in swallowing.
This type of lower motor neuron allows the CNS to regulate the state of excitability for motor function.
gamma lower motor neuron
Which descending tract crosses at the caudal end of the medulla and enters the spinal cord?
The lateral corticospinal tract.
The oldest part of the cerebellum that regulates muscle tone to maintain equilibrium
Flocculonodular lobe
What region of the midbrain is the substantia nigra located within?
The midbrain
Tell whether EACH cranial nerve is motor or sensory or both.
olfactory: sensory
optic: sensory
occulomotor: motor
trochlear: motor
trigeminal: both
abducens: motor
facial: both
vestibulocochlear : sensory
glossopharyngeal: both
vagus: both
spinal accessory: motor
hypoglossal: motor
When the action potential of a LMN reaches the terminal ending it triggers what to release?
Calcium (Ca2+)