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"I've fallen and I can't get up" (neuromusc d/o's)
"Get a hold of yourself!"
(seizure d/o's)
"Extreme!"
(random)
"I only shook a little"
(head injury)
"Ol blue eyes"
(eyes)
100
This motor neuron degenerative disease begins in fetal life and consists of hypotonia, weakness, thin muscle mass, absent tendon stretch reflexes, involvement of the tongue, face, and jaw muscle but sparing of extraocular muscles and sphincters.
What is SMA (type 1)
100
This is type of febrile seizure that lasts > 15 min, is focal, and/or recurs within 24 hours.
What is a complex febrile seizure. (simple is generalized, usually tonic-clonic, lasts < 15 min, and does not recur within a 24 hour period).
100
These cells are responsible for myelination of the CNS.
What are oligodendrocytes. (schwann cells myelinate PNS)
100
This is the GCS for: spontaneous eye opening, inappropriate words and decorticate response.
What is 4 + 3 + 3 = 10 (eye 4-spont, 3-opens to verbal, 2-opens to pain, 1-none) (verbal 5-orientated, 4-confused, 3-inapp words, 2-incomprehensible, 1-none) (motor 6-obeys, 5-localizes to pain, 4-withdraws to pain, 3-flexion/decort, 2-ext/decerbrate, 1-none)
100
This cranial nerve carries visual signals from the retina.
What is CN II (optic)
200
This is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that causes an acute, flaccid paralysis through the production of a neurotoxin. The toxin binds irreversibly to peripheral cholinergic synapses, blocking acetylcholine release causing impaired neuromuscular and autonomic transmission.
What is Clostridium botulinum (botulism).
200
The "typical" form of this seizure type is associated with 3 Hz spike and slow wave discharges.
What is typical absence seizures. (atypical: 1-2 Hz spike and slow wave discharges)
200
Depolarizing agents such as succinylcholine mimic this neuromuscular transmitter, thus initialing causing muscle fasciculations followed by flaccid paralysis that generally lasts 5 to 10 minutes.
What is acetylcholine (binds to the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, and activating it. As succinylcholine is resistant to degradation by acetylcholinesterase, there is sustained occupation of the receptor and thereby failure of repolarization, resulting in a more prolonged duration of neuromuscular blockade.
200
In healthy adults, cerebral blood flow increases linearly by 4% within this range of Paco2.
What is 25 to 75 mm Hg PaCO2.
200
In uncal herniation, this cranial nerve is compressed leading to the notorious fixed and dilated pupil.
What is CN III
300
This disease can be caused by trauma to the head and may result in retracted eyelids, deviated gaze and risus sardonicus.
What is tetanus.
300
These are the 2 mechanisms by which status epilepticus causes neuronal injury.
What is hypoxic-ischemic and excitotoxic mechanisms.
300
This amino acid is the initial starting point in the biochemical synthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.
What is tyrosine.
300
In TBI, this neurotransmitter is implicated in the secondary insult of excitotoxicity.
What is glutamate. Excitotoxicity is the process by which glutamate and other excitatory amino acids cause neuronal damage. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, but exposure to toxic levels produces neuronal death. Glutamate exposure produces neuronal injury in two phases. Sodium-dependent neuronal swelling quickly occurs, 24 followed by delayed, calcium-dependent degeneration.
300
Injury to this region of the brainstem causes pupils to be midposition and fixed to light.
What is the midbrain. (pons - pinpoint, medulla - nonreactive)
400
This variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome consists of acute external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia.
What is Miller-Fisher syndrome.
400
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates exert their effects by binding on different sites of this receptor.
What is the GABAa receptor.
400
This is an area of the frontal lobe that participates in production of spoken and written language.
What is Broca's area.
400
This herniation syndrome occurs when one cerebral hemisphere is displaced under the falx cerebri across the midline.
What is Subfalcine herniation.
400
Injury to the pons can cause compression to this cranial nerve leading to paralysis of the lateral rectus eye muscle and associated turining in of the affected eye. This phenomenon may be seen prior to the fixed and dilated pupil.
What is the abducens nerve (CN VI)
500
Neurologic complications such as paralysis of the diaphragm, eye muscles and skeletal muscles may occur up to 3 months after this acute infectious respiratory disease. The toxemia effects are mediated by an exotoxin that can also cause myocarditis and heart failure. Mortality rates are higher when antitoxin is given late. PCN and erythromycin are optional antibiotics.
What is diphtheria.
500
This anti-epileptic works by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. It generally causes less sedation and respiratory depression compared to other AEDs. The main disadvantage is that it must be infused slow to minimize risk of cardiac arrhythmia, infusion site pain and thrombophlebitis. Extravasation at infusion site associated with "purple glove syndrome".
What is phenytoin. (fosphenytoin is water-soluble phenytoin pro-drug, is better tolerated at infusion site, carries lower risk for arrhythmia and hypotension, not associated with purple glove syndrome)
500
These cells line the ventricular walls, they are connected by tight junctions and constitute a CSF-brain barrier.
What are ependymal cells. CSF produced by the choroid plexus flows directly into the ventricles, whereas CSF produced by the brain parenchyma must cross the ependymal lining to reach the ventricular system.
500
These are areas of the CNS that are especially vulnerable to hypoxic/ischemic injury.
What are the CA1 region of the hippocampus; basal ganglia; cerebral cortical layers III and V; portions of the amygdaloid nucleus; the cerebellar Purkinje cells; and in infants, periventricular white matter regions and some brainstem nuclei,
500
The contralateral innervation of this nuclei is the anatomic basis for the consensual light response.
What is the Edinger-Westphal nuclei