Anatomy & Physiology
What two types of movements does the neuromuscular system control?
Voluntary and involuntary movements
Name the five major components of the neuromuscular system.
CNS, PNS, Skeletal muscles, Neuromuscular junction (NMJ), Motor units
What does “neuromuscular dysfunction” affect?
Movement, breathing, and daily living.
What medication increases acetylcholine at the NMJ in Myasthenia Gravis?
Pyridostigmine.
What is the top priority for nurses caring for neuromuscular patients?
Assess and monitor respiratory status.
What chemical is released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the role of motor neurons?
They carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles.
What happens at the receptor sites in Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibodies destroy or block acetylcholine receptors.
Which corticosteroid is used to suppress the immune system in Myasthenia Gravis?
Prednisone.
How can nurses help prevent contractures and maintain function?
Encourage range-of-motion exercises and proper body alignment.
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase at the NMJ?
It breaks down acetylcholine to stop the signal transmission.
What is a motor unit composed of?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
Which neurons degenerate in ALS?
Upper and lower motor neurons.
What medication slows disease progression in ALS by reducing glutamate toxicity?
Riluzole (Rilutek).
How should nurses schedule medications and activities for patients with Myasthenia Gravis?
Around peak medication times to reduce fatigue.
What part of the brain coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor skills?
The cerebellum
What are Type 1 motor unit fibers used for?
Endurance and long-lasting activities (slow-twitch fibers).
What protein is missing or defective in Muscular Dystrophy?
Dystrophin.
What medications help protect nerve cells from oxidative stress in ALS?
Edaravone (Radicava).
What should nurses educate patients about in Myasthenia Gravis crises?
The difference between myasthenic (under-medicated) and cholinergic (over-medicated) crises.
What part of the brain regulates movement initiation and control?
The basal ganglia
What happens when motor neurons or muscle fibers are damaged?
Diseases can occur that are either neurogenic or myopathic.
What are two symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy?
Numbness and tingling (burning pain, weakness).
Which drugs help manage cardiac issues in Muscular Dystrophy?
ACE inhibitors or beta blockers.
Why must nurses be cautious when giving opioids to neuromuscular patients?
Because opioids can worsen respiratory depression.