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General Nervous System
Action Potential
How Neurons Communicate
Neurotransmitters
AP-2
1000

This is the tree like branches that receives messages from other cells

What are Dendrites

1000
When a neuron is at _____ potential is has a voltage of about -65 mV.
resting
1000
When an action potential reaches the axon terminals, _______ are released into the synapse by _____.
neurotransmitters; synaptic vesicles
1000

This neurotransmitter is involved in attention, arousal, and stress response.

What is norepinephrine

1000

What is this phase when the neuron is unable to fire again for a short time( K+ channels are still open in this phase)

What is Hyperpolarization 

2000

This is the fiber that carries messages out to other cells. This fiber is attached to the soma. 

What is the Axon

2000

At resting potential what is the charge of the inside of the neuron compared to the outside?

Negative on the inside: Positive on the outside

2000
How does a neurotransmitter interact with the post-synaptic target cell?
binds with receptor proteins on gland/muscle/organ/neuron to excite, inhibit, or not alter it
2000

this neurotransmitter is a natural pain reliever and mood elevator.

What is Endorphin

2000

This phase describes the K+ channels are open and Na+ channels are closed. NOTE the cell cannot stay at this state or else muscle spasm occurs

What is Repolarization. 

3000

The part of a neuron which collects messages is called the _______, while the part that releases neurotransmitters is the _____.

dendrite; axon terminal

3000

According to the ______ Principle, would a neuron stimulated to a voltage of +10 mV have an Action Potential?

All-or-Nothing; no

3000

What mechanism ensures that ion concentrations (more Na+ outside and more K+ inside) are kept in balance? Not in Notes but dicussed in class

 What is sodium-potassium ion pump

3000

This neurotransmitter is an excitatory neurotransmitter, essential for learning and memory.

What is Glutamate

3000

During this phase, excitatory signals  reaches threshold, opening NA+ channels

What is depolarization

4000

What type of glial cell is capable of allowing damaged axons to make reconnections: causes regeneration

Schwann cells

4000
An action potential occurs when ____ ions enter the axon (making it more [[positive OR negative]]), and then _____ ions leave the axon (making it more [[positive OR negative]])? What are each of these time periods called?
Na+; positive; K+; negative; depolarization; repolarization
4000
When positive ions (like Na+) enter a neuron, they [[[increase OR decrease]]] the likelihood of an action potential occurring; when negative ions (like _____) enter a neuron, they [[[increase OR decrease]]] the likelihood of an action potential occurring?
increase; Cl-; decrease
4000

This is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, helps regulate nerve excitability.

What is GABA

4000

This Ion can play a role in the depolarization phase.

What are Calcium Ions?

5000

Why are a four-year-olds fine motor movements (like using a crayon) so much more uncoordinated than a 10-year-olds?

the 4-year-old’s myelin sheath is not fully developed

5000
What phenomenon explains why an action potential can only travel down the axon AND why a neuron can only generate a certain number of action potentials/second?
absolute refractory period
5000
What are the three ways that neurotransmitters can be removed from the synapse?
reuptake; enzymatic degradation; diffusion from the synapse
5000

What Neurotransmitter does Botulin Toxin

What is Acetylcholine?

5000

These Sacs containing neurotransmitter chemicals are essential in the function of the release of neurotransmitters.

What are synaptic vesicles?