The noggin
What are the layers of the meninges beginning at the brain?
brain, pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
What is spina bifida?
neural tube does not fully fuse. Manx cats are predisposed to sacrocaudal spina bifida
Which species does not have a tapetum lucidum?
Pigs and humans!
What are 2 causes of pica?
lack of enrichment, nutritional deficiency or medical condition, anxiety, genetics
Is wallerian degeneration retrograde or anterograde?
Anterograde degeneration (towards neuromuscular junction/nerve synapse)
Name the three glial cells of the CNS
Astrocytes: make up most of CNS glial cells. regulate excitability/transmission, regulate neuronal energy, and are part of the BBB
Oligodendrocytes: provide myelin for axons
Microglia: immune cells in the CNS
Name the UMN signs
normal to increased reflexes and tone, minimal disuse atrophy, paresis/paralysis
The retina consists of what kind of neurons?
bipolar cells (rods and cones)
When is the primary socialization period in dogs?
3 - 14/16 weeks
With nerve process injury, is functional recovery possible in the PNS, CNS, both, or neither?
PNS!
Describe the pathway of voluntary movement starting at the sensory input and ending at movement
sensory input -> thalamus -> specific cortical area -> association cortex -> basal nuclei -> motor cortex -> brainstem/cerebellum -> voluntary movement
What is the function of nodes of ranvier?
gaps in myelin allow for faster conduction
Your client calls you in a panic stating that her dog got in the way of her son's baseball bat and now the dog's eye has "popped out". You have her bring the dog in and you notice the optic nerve is visible. What is the diagnosis and treatment?
Proptosis and enucleation
Is a shock collar considered positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment?
Positive punishment (addition of stimulus to decrease chance of behavior)
Which alpha receptors are expressed presynaptically and which are postsynaptic?
alpha-1 is post synaptic and alpha-2 is presynaptic
Which cerebral white matter fibers decussate between hemispheres?
commissural fibers
Is a herniated disc considered extradural, intradural-extramedullary, or intramedullary?
extradural!
Why do ophtalmologists ultrasound the eyes of their patients before a cataract surgery?
What are 4 reasons for a dam eating her infants?
naive dam, litter size control, disease control, maladaptive, and accidental
Describe the neuron track for smell (there are 3)
neuron 1 - olfactory neuroepithelial cell in olfactory epithelium, passes through cribriform plate, synapses at olfactory bulb
neuron 2- mitral cells, lateral olfactory tract
neuron 3 - olfactory tubercle, piriform lobe (perception) and limbic system (amygdyla and hippocampus)
List the cranial nerves and if they are sensory, motor, or both
1. Olfactory (S)
2. Optic (S)
3. Oculomotor (M)
4. Trochlear (M)
5. Trigeminal (B)
6. Abducens (M)
7. Facial (B)
8. Vestibulocochlear (S)
9. Glossopharyngeal (B)
10. Vagus (B)
11. Accessory (M)
12. Hypoglossal (M)
Where does the saying "red is dead" come from? (which disease)
Acidophilic neuronal necrosis
What part of the eye is derived from surface ectoderm?
The lens!
You go gambling and you explain that using a slot machine is analagous to what kind of reinforcement schedule?
Intermittent
Which nerve branches off of cranial nerve 10, wraps around the aorta and synapses at the larynx?
Left laryngeal nerve