FUNCTIONS OF LOBES & TRACTS
vision and visual processing
A Cerebrovascular attack is when the blood flow to the brain is interrupted. It is an attack to the brain
What is a CVA?
-Results because of damage to the basal ganglia, cranial nerves (brainstem) premotor region (6), precentral gyrus (4)
-muscle weakness
- articulation is slurred and mumbled
-voice may be very weak
- poor intelligibility of speech.
what is Dysarthria of Speech?
- super highway for information between the hemispheres
- It communicates sensation and memory by means of myelinated fibers
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
- integration of auditory and visual information
what is the function of the midbrain?
- recognizing faces
- understanding spoken words
- memory,
- important for auditory and receptive language processing
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
a rupture of a blood vessel; more dangerous than an ischemic stroke
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
- motor planning disorder that is caused by damage to the premotor region (#6) , frontal lobe, motor strip
- difficulty initiating speech
- muscles are NOT weak
what is apraxia of speech?
- plays a role in the initiation of movement pattern
- and control of background movement
what are the functions of the Basal Ganglia?
- relay center for impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
- integrates information for vision and balance
- mastication and facial movement
what are the functions of the Pons?
- primary site for sensation,
- knowing right from left
- reading & writing
- attention (multitasking)
what are the functions of the parietal lobe?
a blown up artery balloon because of weak walls; if ruptured, the blood is released into the space surrounding the brain
what is an aneurysm?
- occurs when there is damage to the Broca's Area (#44, #45) , frontal/parietal regions, and insula.
- Expressive abilities are severely impaired (NONFLUENT)
- generally demonstrate comprehension of auditory/visual input
- Speech requires extreme effort
- length and complexity of utterances will be significantly reduced
What is Broca's Aphasia?
- relay station from the cerebellum to motor cortex
- sends sensory information for conscious awareness
pain, temperature, touch sensations
-level of arousal
what are the functions of the Thalamus?
assists in the role of:
- breathing
- swallowing
- motor function for larynx
- cardiac function
- balance
what are the functions of the medulla oblongata?
- planning
- problem solving
- personality change
- emotions AND expressive language
- inhibition of voluntary motion
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Occurs when an artery is blocked. Can present itself in 2 ways:
thrombotic stroke (thrombosis): a blood clot or air bubble grows in a blood vessel obstructing the artery
embolic stroke (embolism): a blood clot breaks loose from its site of formation travels through the bloodstream
what is an ischemic stroke?
- occurs when Wernicke's area on the temporal lobe (#22) is damage
- relatively normal flow of speech (FLUENT)
- speech comprehension damaged
- CONTENT of their speech will be reduced (won't make sense)
- difficulty understanding what he or she hears.
- can't imitate other people's speech
what is Wernicke's Aphasia?
- controls the sleep and wake mechanisms
- metabolism and water balance
- regulation of body temperature
- regulates emotional behavior (rage)
- food intake regulation
what are the functions of the hypothalamus?
A release of small packets of chemicals (neurotransmitters) goes into the synapse. If the release of neurotransmitters reaches a critical level to the receiving neuron, it will cause an action potential (electrical event) to be generated in the cell body. The action potential travels down the axon to reach another neural cell body. Neurotransmitters are released at the synapse and the process is repeated in a new neuron
what is the way a neuron communicates with other neurons?
- Projection Fibers: connect the cortex with distant locations (cortex --> brainstem)
- Association Fibers: Communicate between regions of the same hemisphere (superior temporal gyrus with middle temporal gyrus within left hemisphere)
- Commissural Fibers: run from one location on a hemisphere to the corresponding location on the other hemisphere (corpus callosum)
What are types of the fibers and their functions?
- Corticobulbar Tract: voluntary speech movements
- Corticospinal Tract: Voluntary movement of trunk + limbs
What are the two tracts within the pyramidal and their functions?
- most deficits are due to damage in the frontal lobe
- TBIs: decrease in decision making, difficulty problem solving, decreased control of emotions, personality changes
- right hemisphere lesions: impaired communication of emotion, intent and humor, linguistic and social significance, they are in denial, lose ability to get the “gist” of information
what are cognitive deficits related to brain damage?
- coordinating motor commands with sensory input to control movement
- significant role as memory for motor function and even cognitive processing
what are the functions of the cerebellum?
Pyramidal tract: originates in areas 4 and 6; directly activates voluntary motor movement ; sensory information is sent back up to the brain in this pathway; pons + medulla
Extrapyramidal Tract: originates outside of area 4 and 6; controls INVOLUNTARY movement (posture, motor speech production) ; basal ganglia + midbrain
what are differences between the Pyramidal Tract and the Extrapyramidal Tract?