Structures
What structure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
-roof of the cerebellum and a floor for the posterior portion of cerebral hemispheres
Neuronal pruning is based on
use!
eliminates weaker contacts while stronger connections are kept and strengthened
CT scan; basically the same as an X-ray
Where does the brains blood supply come from
vertebral artery: supplies brainstems & the cerebellum (keeps us alive)
arterial blood supply is from the internal carotid and vertebral artery
internal carotid supplies the most cerebral hemispheres (check pulse)
The loss of vision in the same visual fields for both eyes
Homonymous hemianopia
what sulcus separates the frontal & parietal lobes
central sulcus
How does information flow through the axon
dendrite -> cell body -> axon
Occurs between your skull and outermost layer of meninges, the dura mater
lemon shaped (or think pregnant belly)
epidural hematoma
The largest of the brains arteries; 90% of strokes occur here
MCA (middle cerebral artery)
Severe peripheral impairment of reading ability and comprehension of written information
alexia without agraphia
Brain organization:
Describe the functionality of the left and right hemispheres in possible CVA
left hemisphere CVA may cause Broca's aphasia, apraxia or Wernicke's aphasia
right hemisphere CVA may cause cognitive-linguistic deficits (such as interpretations of metaphors & inferences)
What are the two types of axonal transport
Anterograde (cell body to axon)
Retrograde (axon to cell body)
space between the dura mater and second meninges layer, the arachnoid layer
creates pressure in the brain & can cross suture lines
Subdural hematoma (banana shaped)
meaningless speech that is fluent
Wernicke's aphasia
visual word form area- left vs right gyrus
left fusiform gyrus = specializes in identifying letter strings
right fusiform gyrus = recognition of faces
The structure of six-layered gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres and contains gray & white matter
cerebral cortex
spatial and temporal
External magnetic field aligns protons that are normally randomly oriented within the water nuclei of the tissue being examined
-allows study of additional details of brain
MRI imaging
nonfluent effortful speech
broca's aphasia
Which cortical layers are afferent?
efferent?
layers 2 & 4, receive info and are most developed in sensory areas (afferent)
layers 3 & 5, send information, sends axons out of the part of the cortex (efferent)
What structure connects Broca's & Wernicke's
arcuate fasciculus
Types of neuroglia & basic functions
CNS:
Ependymal Cells: manufacture & circulate CNS
Oligodendrocytes: maintains functional integrity around nodes of ranvier
Astrocytes: contribute to blood brain barrier
Microglia: clear out debris
PNS:
Satellite Cells: modulates PNS following injury
Schwann Cells: functional integrity (same as oligodendrocytes in CNS)
Detects the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity
fMRI imaging
inadequate blood flow
ischemia
cranial nerves involved in speech?
Trigeminal nerve: maxillary & mandibular nerves, sensory nerves of the face
Facial nerve: facial expressions, blinking, eating
Vagus nerve: enters pharynx between superior and middle constrictors, closure of pharyngeal port
Hypoglossal Nerve: originates in the medulla, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue