Nervous System
What does CNS and PNS stand for?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
What are the 3 planes used in the cerebral hemispheres?
Coronal, Sagittal, and Transverse
Which neuron possess two processes
Bipolar Neurons
What is the main function of the cerebrovascular system?
To supply blood to the brain
How many pairs of cranial nerves are in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
What is one function of the CNS?
The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling.
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal lobes.
Cells that make up half of the brain tissue
Glial cells
What is an aneurysm?
It is the ballooning of the blood vessels. Rupture of this can result in blood releasing to the brain.
What are the cranial nerves' main function?
To serve the muscles of speech, transmit sensation concerning speech structures, and mediating many other visceral functions
What is one function of the PNS?
Voluntary movements such as chewing food, walking, and facial expressions
Name an imaging technique used for studying the brain
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
What are the parts of a neuron
Dendrite, cell body, nucleus, axon, axon terminal, schwann cell, node of ranvier, myelin sheath
The series of communicating arteries that can provide redundant pathways for blood flow is?
The circle of willis
What are the six general classifications of the cranial nerves?
General Somatic Afferent: temperature, pain mechanical stimulation of skin, muscle or joints
Special Somatic Afferent (SSA): special body senses, vision and hearing
General Visceral Afferent (GVA): sensation within the viscera
Special Visceral Afferent (SVA): special visceral senses of taste and smell
General Visceral Efferent (GVA): autonomic efferent fibers serving viscera and glands
General Somatic Efferent (GSE): innervates skeletal muscles
Special Visceral Efferent (SVE): innervates striated muscles of branch, aids arch origin and muscles of larynx, pharynx, face, mastication and soft palate.
What are the central and peripheral nervous systems made up of?
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves
What are the main functions of the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobe: voluntary movement, expressive language, and managing higher level executive functions
Parietal lobe: responds to touch and pain stimuli from all body locations
Temporal lobe: processing of auditory signals
Occipital lobe: contains the primary visual cortex
Bipolar neuron that activates muscular or glandular responses, usually long myelinated axons
Motor Neurons
Which artery within the cerebral cortex serves the central brain stem?
Vertebral Artery
When opening the chest cavity, which nerve is susceptible to damage to speech, swallowing, and/or voicing?
Cranial nerve X or vagus
What is an efferent and afferent tract?
Efferent tract = output, afferent tract = input. When a nucleus sends a fiber tract to another nucleus, that tract is the different output from that nucleus. When that same nucleus receives a fiber tract from a different nucleus, that incoming information is the afferent input to the nucleus.
What is the principle for organizing the blood supply to the brain?
To divide the blood supply into anterior and posterior circulation
Contains billions of neurons and glial cells
Cerebrum
Which artery within the cerebral cortex is the most common site of occlusion?
Posterior Communicating Artery
Cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal is responsible for providing motor innervation to all tongue muscles except the _______?
Palatoglossus