Indigenous Peoples
What did the first European explorers who landed in North America call the Indigenous peoples, and why did they call them that?
They called them "Indians" because they thought they landed in India.
What is a colony? What are the people who go to permanently live in a new territory called?
A colony is land that is owned or controlled by another country. The people living in a new territory are called settlers.
What is a treaty?
A treaty is an important agreement or promise between different groups of people of countries.
New France's society had levels, with those at the top with more power than those at the bottom. An example is how there are levels of power in the education profession, with the Education Minister being at the top, and the teachers being at the bottom. What is this kind of society called?
Hierarchical society
This was a major fur trading company in North America. Give the full name, not the abbreviation.
Hudson's Bay Company
Who are the Metis?
Metis people have European and Indigenous ancestry.
What were the "3 Gs of Exploration"? Explain each of them.
1. God - spreading religion
2. Gold - finding new resources / new ways of getting resources
3. Glory - expanding their country, gaining more control, becoming more powerful
How were European and Indigenous peoples' treaties and agreements different?
Some Indigenous nations used wampum belts and spoken word for treaties and agreements.
Europeans used written and signed documents made on paper or parchment.
Put the following list of roles in order from greatest to lowest power:
- Citizens
- Governor General
- Enslaved people and criminals
- Seigneurs
1. Governor General
2. Seigneurs
3. Citizens
4. Enslaved people and criminals
Read this description and identify the name of this land:
This was the name of a large region around Hudson Bay. King Charles II of England claimed power and trading rights here. A treaty in 1713 between the French and English gave the English exclusive rights to trade here.
Rupert's Land
Which First Nation group has a name meaning "People of the Longhouse", and is made up of six First Nations tribes that established the Great Law of Peace amongst themselves?
Why might some of the earliest evidence of early contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples be found in eastern Canada?
Europe is east of North America, so they might have landed and settled in the east.
The Haudenosaunee would use strings of beads that were used for storytelling, gifts, and recording treaties and historical events. What were these strings of beads called?
Wampum belts
Who was the one who managed the military personnel in New France? What was he responsible for?
The Captain of the Militia. He was responsible for assembling military squads and providing them with weapons.
There were two types of French traders:
1. young French men who travelled deep into eastern Canada for furs who were unlicensed; in English, they would be called "runners of the woods"
2. licensed fur traders who had permission from the France to trade
What were each of these called?
1. Coureurs de bois
2. Voyageurs
What is displacement, and which Indigenous community experienced it as a result of commercial seal hunting in Newfoundland in 1723?
Displacement is the forced relocation or removal of communities from their traditional land. The Inuit people were displaced because of the seal hunting.
What were two positives that resulted from early European and Indigenous interactions?
New skills - Indigenous peoples shared survival strategies, hunting techniques, medicines, foods, geography, and transportation methods
New goods - First Nations peoples gained new technologies like medicines, metal tools, and guns, and they also gained domesticated animals as well
What was the Covenant Chain? What was its one of its purposes?
The Covenant Chain was a series of alliances and treaties, mostly between the Haudenosaunee and British colonies of North America. One of its primary purposes was mutual defense, and to symbolize the two groups' friendship and cooperation.
Who was the governor general in New France, and what was he responsible for?
What was the difference in how First Nations peoples viewed trade, and how Europeans viewed trade?
For the First Nations people, trading was a social event to bring friends together to share news, gifts, and stories.
For Europeans, trade was a business transaction to make profits.
This was a term for Indigenous women who had relations with European fur traders during the fur trade era.
Country wives
What were two negatives that arose from early Indigenous and European interactions? Be ready to explain if the teacher asks.
Conflict - introduction of guns led to deadly conflicts amongst Indigenous groups
Disease - Europeans brought new diseases with them that Indigenous peoples did not have treatments for
Cultural Change - Introduction of Christianity; European goods becoming essential to First Nations and changing their way of life
Environment - Overhunting, disappearance of beaver populations impacting biodiversity
What was the peace agreement signed between the English and the French that described which land the English and French could trade in? This agreement also ended the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe.
The Treaty of Utrecht
The seigneurial system was a land division system in New France that gave French nobles land that they distributed amongst farmers.
1. What were the French nobles called?
2. What were the farmers called?
3. What river did the land surround?
1. Seigneurs
2. Habitants
3. St. Lawrence River
When the European fur traders and Indigenous peoples married, their descendants created a third, unique culture that was a blend of European and Indigenous cultures. When two cultures create a third, unique culture or ethnicity, this is called...
Ethnogenesis