New France and Britain
Define the following term: Coureurs des Bois. *Bonus Points: Define the Filles du Roi*
Independent fur traders. *Women sent to populate New France*
The Acadians were deported on September 5, 1755. *John Winslow ordered their deportation.*
When did the battle of the Plains of Abraham take place?
1759
What solution did Britain use to recover from debt after the Seven Years' War?
Taxing the colonies
How many land and sea battles took place during the War of 1812?
170
What was one of Canada's first French settlements? *Bonus Points: Why was it important?*
Acadia. *It was important because it guarded St. Lawrence and had cod fishing.*
Why did the Acadians have to leave their homes in 1755?
The British Crown ordered their deportation after they refused to pledge loyalty, seizing their land and forcing them into exile.
Who was General James Wolfe and General Louis-Joseph Montcalm? *Bonus Points: What happened to them at the end of the battle of the Plains of Abraham?*
General James Wolfe was the British commander who led the victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759, while General Louis-Joseph Montcalm was the French commander who defended Québec but was defeated. *Both commanders died at the end of the battle.*
Who were the Patriots and Loyalists? *Bonus Points: Describe their different perspectives during the American Revolution.*
The Patriots and Loyalists were both colonists from the Thirteen Colonies. *The Patriots wanted independence from Britain, while the Loyalists wanted to remain a part of the British Empire for protection and stability.*
What is one advantage the United States would have in the war? What is one advantage the British would have in the war? *Bonus Points: What is one shared disadvantage?*
United States: They had the advantage of a larger population, a bigger army, and ability to produce weapons near the battlefields. Britain: Had the advantage of a stronger navy and more experienced soldiers. *There were divided loyalties in Lower Canada. There were poorly equipped militias on both sides due to the influx of militia volunteers with varying skills.*
Why did early French settlers build their settlements near rivers and coastlines?
For trade, transportation, and access to resources.
What is the Fortress of Louisbourg? *Bonus Points: What is the Fortress of Halifax?*
A French fortified stone city built to protect the St. Lawrence River and serve as a major military and trading area. *A British stronghold built in Nova Scotia to counter Louisbourg and secure British control of the region.*
Name and describe the two fighting styles the British and French used to fight in the war. *Bonus Points: Describe one advantage and disadvantage of each.*
The British fought in the war using line formations with rows of soldiers firing alternately, while the French relied on guerrilla warfare with small groups carrying out quick hit-and-run raids. *British Line Formation: Created steady, organized gunfire that pressured the enemy. BUT made soldiers easy targets in open fields. French Guerrilla Warfare: Allowed surprise attacks and quick retreats that confused the British BUT were less effective in open battles where organization was needed.*
Why were The Intolerable Acts (1774) passed?
They were passed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party (1773).
Describe the Treaty of Ghent. *Bonus Points: When AND where was it signed?*
The Treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812 by restoring relations between Britain and the United States without changing any borders. It required all territories captured during the war to be returned to their pre-war status. *It was signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium.*
What was the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?
An agreement ending Queen Anne's War/Spanish Succession
How were the Acadians welcomed in the Thirteen Colonies?
They were welcomed poorly, arriving sick and poor, and were treated as unwanted outsiders.
What are TWO mistakes General Louis-Joseph Montcalm made during the Plains of Abraham?
1. He rushed into battle without waiting for reinforcements. 2. He failed to delay until winter which could have forced the British to retreat.
What is the Constitution Act of 1791? *Bonus Points: Why were these changes made?*
It was a British law that divided Québec into Upper and Lower Canada. *These changes were made to separate French and English communities, giving each its own government and laws to reduce conflict and better manage French and English interests.*
While signed in the late 1814, fighting still continued until the Treaty of Ghent was recognized by the US senate in February 1815. Why did it take so long for the Treaty of Ghent to be recognized by the US?
It took a long time for the Treaty of Ghent to be accepted in the United States because messages had to travel across the ocean, so people didn't know right away that the war was supposed to be over.
What were the TWO major motivations for French exploration in the early 1600s?
Adventure and fur trade
How are the refugees treated today in Canada, the United States, and around the world?
Refugees may receive support like housing, healthcare, and education, but they often still face discrimination, limited resources, or denial of entry depending on government policies and public attitudes.
If General Montcalm had waited for reinforcements at the Plains of Abraham, how might Canadian identity be different today?
New France might have survived, making Canada primarily French-speaking with French laws and culture dominating its identity.
Why did some groups (Habitants in Québec and Acadians in Nova Scotia) stay neutral during the American Revolution?
Siding with either Britain or the Patriots offered them little protection; especially since neither group had welcomed or supported the Acadians after their deportation. So, neutrality was the safest way to preserve and protect their communities.
Why was the War of 1812 important for Canadian national identity, even though neither side clearly won?
It united diverse groups in defending the land, reinforced Canada's distinction from the United States, and strengthened loyalty to Britain, laying the foundation for a unique Canadian identity.