NIV

Normal Breathing

100

The diaphragm contracts during Inspiration increasing lung volume making the pleural pressure more negative. Allows air to rush in and fill the lung.

Inspiration

200

The diaphragm relaxing, and intrinsic recoil of the lungs allowing air to be expelled passively

Expiration (passive process) 

300

During quiet breathing the amount of air that is inspired and expired is referred to as 

Tidal Volume - TV

400

The lungs ability to stretch and expand 

Lung compliance 

500

Volume in the alveoli after passive expiration 

Functional Residual Capacity 

Important to keep small airways open, thus prevention areas of collapse and allows for continual gas exchange. 

NIV

100

For NIV to be successful this device seal must be adequate 

Mask 

200

To assess the effectiveness of NIV _______ should be taken as a baseline 1 hour after commencement and 1 hour post setting changes to assess effectiveness. 

Blood Gas (arterial or venous)

300

The Below device goes by the acronym DEP, name the correct terminology: 

Disposable Exhalation Port 

400

The delivery of positive pressure ventilation to a spontaneously breathing patient to augment breathing and ventilation 

Non-Invasive Ventilation

500

Bilevel support is provided, but the patient is able to initiate breaths with a constant inspiratory time (I time). 

If the intrinsic respiratory rate there is also the back up rate available (with the same fixed I time). 

What ventilation mode is this? 

Pressure Control Ventilation (PCV)

Anat + Phys

100

I move particles at a rate of 3mm per min to the larynx where these particles are either coughed up or swallowed.  

Cilia 

200

I form 70-80 sq meters of surface area in close contact with capillaries for gas exchange. 

Alveoli 

300

When in network for gas exchange, each red blood cell passes by me single file, and spends approximately 3/4 seconds to exchange 0₂ or C0₂

 

Capillary Membrane

400

It takes 0.25 seconds for these levels to reach normal saturation when exposed to alveolar gas

haemoglobin

500

A gas that diffuses 20 times more rapidly than oxygen 

C0₂

CPAP/BiPAP

100

The difference between IPAP and EPAP 

Pressure Support - PS

PS provides ventilatory support during the inspiratory phase of ventilation

200

Respiratory support to improve oxygenation, patient breathes against resistance throughout the respiratory cycle. 

Previously closed airways are opened, atelectasis is decreased & surface area for gas exchange is increased resulting in increased arterial oxygenation

CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) 

Supports oxygenation - not ventilation (movement of air into the lungs) 

Commonly used for acute APO in addition to standard therapy. 

300

Respiratory mode that means the pressure varies within each breath cycle.

BiPAP (Spontaneous/timed) 

EPAP and IPAP settings are determined by the abnormalities requiring correction

In hypoxia, a high EPAP guarantees alveolar ventilation

In hypercapnia, a high IPAP gives more volume for diffusion.

400

A pressure applied at end expiration

Used to increase functional residual capacity of the lungs and decrease airway collapse. 

EPAP 

Pressure drops, exhalation is against less resistance. Prevents airway collapse acting as a splint. Minimum of 5cmH20 to overcome intrinsic airway collapse.

500

The delivery of positive pressure during Inspiration. 

Increasing the patient's tidal volume and supporting alveolar ventilation.

IPAP 

On Inhalation pressure rises and augments breath. Allows resting of inspiratory muscles and improves hypercapnia with increased volume.

Respiratory Failure

100

Characterised by Low Pa0₂ (Pa02 <50mmHg) but C0₂ is not elevated (paC0₂ <60 mmHg).

Type 1 Respiratory Failure or Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure 

200

Characterised by low Pa0₂ (<50mmHg) and elevated PaCO₂ (>60mmH) 

Type 2 Respiratory Failure 

300

A build up of fluid in the interstitial space of the lungs 

APO

400

Loss of elasticity, the walls between alveoli are destroyed, alveoli become large and floppy because there is less surface area for gas exchange, airways are thick, inflammed and there is increased mucus production

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - COPD 

500

Blood flowing past poorly ventilated alveoli that does not exchange gas. 

Poorly oxygenated blood then lowers the total oxygen content of the arterial blood - leading to hypoxaemia. 

Shunt/shunting 

Common causes of shunt include: 

- pnueomnia and pulmonary odeoma 

- tissue trauma - alveolar wall swelling

- atelectisis collapse of alveoli from failure to expand 

- mucus plugging