Learning
No, it's not actually what we're doing in class. It's scientifically defined as the change in an organism's behavior or knowledge brought about by experience.
What is learning?
Know what learning is and how it is different from the colloquial definition of learning.
According to Raymond Cattell, it's the type of intelligence which relies on extensive experience and knowledge (and helps us at things like Jeopardy).
What is crystallized intelligence?
Know crystallized vs. fluid intelligence and what happens to them over the lifespan.
They're the substances or agents that are capable of causing birth defects or increased risk of harm to a developing human organism in utero.
What is a teratogen?
Know what is and is not a teratogen.
It's the projective test that asks respondents to project their responses onto ambiguous inkblots.
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test (RIT)?
Know examples of projective tests.
In experimental design, it's the variable that is measured as the "outcome."
What is the dependent variable?
It's the schedule of reinforcement found in red-light cameras and, as research shows, the most effective schedule as to punishment.
What is a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
They're the type of tests that test a specific construct, usually if you have the potential to do well at a certain task or in a certain field.
What is an aptitude test?
Know aptitude vs. achievement vs. intelligence tests.
According to Piaget, it's the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible, audible, or tangible.
What is object permanence?
Know object permanence vs. conservation vs. egocentrism and when they develop.
According to Freud, they're the unconscious strategies employed by the ego to reduce or avoid anxiety, guilt, or other unpleasant feelings.
What are defense mechanisms?
Know Freud's structure of the personality, to include the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms.
Though it's paradoxical, it's technically the deepest stage of sleep whereby individuals are most at rest and their brain is "recharging" through very active beta waves.
What is REM?
In classical conditioning, it's the effect that can be caused by being repeatedly exposed to a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it can be caused by continuing to seek out the targeted behavior without providing any reinforcement.
What is extinction?
Know how extinction and spontaneous recovery develop.
It's the most commonly used intelligence test today (for adults).
What is the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
Know how it is different from the Stanford-Binet.
It's the final of four Piagetian stages, in which abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes possible.
What is formal operational?
Know the four stages, in order, and what corresponds to each stage.
Neither objective nor projective tests, they're the instrument employed whereby psychologists or psychometrists ask a pre-determined set of questions and analyzes the responses to create an individual personality profile.
What is a structured interview?
Know behavioral assessments and structured interviews
It's the general emotional reactivity of infants--the root from which several aspects of adult personality grow.
What is temperament?
Most useful with animals, it's the utilization of reinforcement for successive approximations of a behavior, little by little, until the desired end-goal is met.
What is shaping?
Be able to identify a human application.
Is it a single factor? Is it multifaceted? As to the model of intelligence's factors, it's today's most dominant view that invades most areas of research and application.
What is the hierarchical model?
Compare/contrast g vs. s vs. Spearman vs. Vernon vs. multifaceted view.
According to Mary Ainsworth, it's the desired style of attachment portrayed by interdependent children cared for by interdependent mothers. In a strange situation, children may initially cry, but quickly begin to play and then warmly welcome their mothers back upon a reunion.
What is secure attachment.
Know the four attachment styles and their characteristics.
It's the objective measure of 567 true/false questions that--unlike most other tests--can be used to measure both normal and abnormal (pathological) personality traits and functioning.
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)?
Know objective vs. projective tests and the differences between the MMPI and the NEO-PI-R.
It's the statistical technique that boils down a numerous number of variables into the lowest number of groups and defines what makes each group different from one another.
What is factor analysis?
In classical conditioning, it's the previously neutral item that, when paired with an item that will automatically and naturally elicit a response, will now elicit a response after association occurs.
What is the conditioned stimulus?
Be able to identify the NS, US, UR, CS, CR.It's the model as to the origins of intelligence--nature vs. nurture--that posits that genetics are highly influential as to how high and low one's intelligence can possibly be, and environmental factors play a role in developing where the level of intelligence is "set" within that span.
What is the reaction-range model?
What is postconventional morality?
Unique to most objective tests, they're the scales derived from certain questions planted in the test, used to determine if the respondent's approach to the test is fair and if it's measuring what it's supposed to be measuring.
What are validity indexes?
Know that most objective tests use validity indexes.
They're the systems responsible for the complex flavors we experience when we bite into a great "hamster."
What are the olfactory and gustatory systems?