Consciousness
Containing beta waves, it's the stage of sleep that is--paradoxically--most like wakefulness.
What is REM?
Know the stages of sleep, their EEG wave types, how they oscillate over the course of the night, and how they compare to wakefulness.
No, it's not actually what we're doing in class. It's scientifically defined as the change in an organism's behavior or knowledge brought about by experience.
What is learning?
Know what learning is and how it is different from the colloquial definition of learning.
They're the substances or agents that are capable of causing birth defects or increased risk of harm to a developing human organism in utero.
What is a teratogen?
Know what is and is not a teratogen.
According to Raymond Cattell, it's the type of intelligence which relies on extensive experience and knowledge (and helps us at things like Jeopardy).
What is crystallized intelligence?
Know crystallized vs. fluid intelligence and what happens to them over the lifespan.
It's the projective test that asks respondents to project their responses onto ambiguous inkblots.
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test (RIT)?
Know examples of projective tests.
They're the (slightly longer than) 24 hour periods that are endogenous, but subject to zeitgebers, regulating our daily schedules--from eating, to reproducing, to toileting... but particularly, sleeping.
What are circadian rhythms?
Know the roles, regulation of, and limitations of circadian rhythms.
It's the schedule of reinforcement found in red-light cameras and, as research shows, the most effective schedule as to punishment.
What is a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
According to Piaget, it's the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible, audible, or tangible.
What is object permanence?
Know object permanence vs. conservation vs. egocentrism and when they develop.
They're the type of tests that test a specific construct, usually if you have the potential to do well at a certain task or in a certain field.
What is an aptitude test?
Know aptitude vs. achievement vs. intelligence tests.
According to Freud, they're the unconscious strategies employed by the ego to reduce or avoid anxiety, guilt, or other unpleasant feelings.
What are defense mechanisms?
Know Freud's structure of the personality, to include the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms.
It's the theory of sleep that primarily revolves around the neurochemical needs of sleep--that is, rebalancing our energy and our neurotransmitters coming back into homeostasis.
What is the restoration theory?
Compare/contrast the theories of sleep and the theories of dreams.
In classical conditioning, it's the effect that can be caused by being repeatedly exposed to a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it can be caused by continuing to seek out the targeted behavior without providing any reinforcement.
What is extinction?
Know how extinction and spontaneous recovery develop.
It's the final of four Piagetian stages, in which abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes possible.
What is formal operational?
Know the four stages, in order, and what corresponds to each stage.
It's the most commonly used intelligence test today (for adults).
What is the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
Know how it is different from the Stanford-Binet.
Neither objective nor projective tests, they're the instrument employed whereby psychologists or psychometrists ask a pre-determined set of questions and analyzes the responses to create an individual personality profile.
What is a structured interview?
Know behavioral assessments and structured interviews
In the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5-TR), they're the current classification terminology that encompass diseases of tolerance, withdrawal, dependence, and addiction.
What are substance use disorders?
Know the current diagnostic language; the difference between tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. Know major classes of drugs.
Most useful with animals, it's the utilization of reinforcement for successive approximations of a behavior, little by little, until the desired end-goal is met.
What is shaping?
Be able to identify a human application.
According to Mary Ainsworth, it's the desired style of attachment portrayed by interdependent children cared for by interdependent mothers. In a strange situation, children may initially cry, but quickly begin to play and then warmly welcome their mothers back upon a reunion.
What is secure attachment.
Know the four attachment styles and their characteristics.
Is it a single factor? Is it multifaceted? As to the model of intelligence's factors, it's today's most dominant view that invades most areas of research and application.
What is the hierarchical model?
Compare/contrast g vs. s vs. Spearman vs. Vernon vs. multifaceted view.
It's the objective measure of 567 true/false questions that--unlike most other tests--can be used to measure both normal and abnormal (pathological) personality traits and functioning.
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)?
Know objective vs. projective tests and the differences between the MMPI and the NEO-PI-R.
It's the program based in meditation, developed to improve well-being and reduce negative experience. Research has been shown it reduces burnout, stress, and pain.
What is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)?
In classical conditioning, it's the previously neutral item that, when paired with an item that will automatically and naturally elicit a response, will now elicit a response after association occurs.
What is the conditioned stimulus?
Be able to identify the NS, US, UR, CS, CR.What is postconventional morality?
It's the model as to the origins of intelligence--nature vs. nurture--that posits that genetics are highly influential as to how high and low one's intelligence can possibly be, and environmental factors play a role in developing where the level of intelligence is "set" within that span.
What is the reaction-range model?
Unique to most objective tests, they're the scales derived from certain questions planted in the test, used to determine if the respondent's approach to the test is fair and if it's measuring what it's supposed to be measuring.
What are validity indexes?
Know that most objective tests use validity indexes.