cell structure
This is sometimes called the building block of life
Cell
The macromolecules are: ___, ____, ____, ____
2. Lipids
3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids
This naturalist is credited with discovering the theory of survival of the fittest by visiting the Galápagos Islands
Charles Darwin
This structure of a 2x2 square is used to figure out probability for the next generation of offspring. It is also called a mono hybrid cross
Punnet square
The definition of ecology
The scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and- including humans- and their physical environment
This is often called the powerhouse of the cell and produces ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
Mitochondria
A ___ is a type of protein that is used to speed up chemical reactions and each one goes with a specific ___
1. Enzyme
2. Substrate
On these islands, Charles Darwin observed the _____ ____
Galapagos finches
In this 4x4 grid, instead of finding the probability for 1 trait, you are finding the probability for 2 traits
Dihybrid cross
The types of symbiosis and how they effect both organisms
Mutualism: effects both organisms positively
Commensalism: effects one organisms positively while the other is unaffected
Parasitism: benefits one organisms and harms the other
In a ____ cell, there is a cell membrane, a rigid cell wall, and is often very simple compared to an eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
What is the chemical ratio for a carbohydrates
1:2:1
When observing whales, you may find little leg bones near the tail, these legs are an example of
Vestigial structures
In pea plants purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p). If a homozygous dominant plant (PP) is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant (pp), what will be the probability that the plants will be purple or white and will they all be heterozygous
Purple, (Pp), 100% purple
In a typical food chain (e.g., Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake), which organism is the primary consumer, and approximately what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
The grasshopper is the primary consumer. Only about 10% of the energy is transferred to the next level (the rest is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes).
As proteins are made made in the ___ on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they are then transported to the ___ ___
1. Ribosomes
2. Golgi apparatus
The smaller version of a macromolecule is
Monomer
What is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree
cladograms show relationships based on shared traits without indicating time or genetic distance, while phylogenetic trees display specific, proportional evolutionary time and genetic change
Red-green color blindness is a recessive x-linked trait. A man with normal vision marries a woman who is a carrier for colorblindness. What is the probability that they will have a child who is colorblind?
There is a 25% chance of having a colorblind child overall. There is a 50% chance for any son to be colorblind, and a 0% chance for any daughter to be colorblind (though they have a 50% chance of being a carrier).
What is the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth, and what happens to a population when it reaches its carrying capacity?
Exponential growth (J-curve) occurs under ideal conditions with unlimited resources. Logistic growth (S-curve) slows down as resources become limited. When a population hits its carrying capacity, the growth rate levels off (birth rates roughly equal death rates) because the environment can no longer support more individuals.
If a cell's Golgi apparatus was damaged, what specific, immediate impact would this have on the cell’s ability to export proteins, and what specific step of the protein-making process would fail
The Golgi apparatus acts as the packaging and distribution center. If damaged, proteins produced in the Rough ER could not be modified, sorted, or packaged into vesicles for transport. Therefore, the cell would fail to export proteins (like hormones or enzymes) to other parts of the organism
Proteins are polymers made of amino acids. If a protein is exposed to high heat or extreme pH, it undergoes denaturation. What happens to the protein’s structure during this process, and why does the protein usually stop functioning?
Denaturation breaks the chemical bonds (like hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges) that maintain the protein's specific 3D shape (its tertiary or quaternary structure). The primary sequence of amino acids remains intact, but the chain "unfolds."
In biology, shape determines function. Because the protein (such as an enzyme) no longer has its specific shape, it cannot bind to its target molecule (substrate), rendering it useless.
A population of lizards is split in two when a new river forms, separating them into different environments. One side is a lush forest; the other is a sandy desert. Over many generations, the forest lizards become dark green and move slowly, while the desert lizards become tan and very fast. Even if the river dries up, the two groups can no longer mate. What are the two specific types of isolation occurring here, and what is this overall process called?
Geographic Isolation: The physical barrier (the river) that initially separated the populations.
Reproductive Isolation: The point at which they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring (likely due to behavioral or genetic changes).
A segment of DNA reads TAC-GCA-TGG-AAT. What is the resulting mRNA sequence, and how does the cell use this to build a protein?
mRNA Sequence: AUG-CGU-ACC-UUA
How does the excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in farming lead to eutrophication in nearby bodies of water, and how does this process eventually cause "dead zones"?
Rain washes excess nitrogen into lakes or oceans (runoff), causing a massive algal bloom. When the algae die, bacteria decompose them, consuming nearly all the dissolved oxygen in the water. This lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes fish and other aquatic organisms to suffocate and die, creating a "dead zone."