Microbiome
The two main functions of the microbiota
What is Host health/Nutrition and Colonization Resistance
Bacteria that are typically part of the normal microbiota and don't cause disease in their normal location
What is opportunistic bacteria
Transmission of exogenous E. Coli
What is contaminated food/water
Causes colibacillosis (if they said this for some reason.. bonus of 1000 points)
This bacteria is transmitted through fecal/oral transmission
Gram negative rod
Facultative Intracellular bacteria
What is Salmonella
The location that all RNA viruses replicate
What is the cytoplasm
If they mention DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, bonus of 500 points
Three of the five ways a patient's microbiome can be altered
What is:
Disease, poor diet, travel/stress, medications, weaning
How the two types of GI pathogens create a niche
What is:
Opportunistic- expand, spread to other sites
Frank- Cause GI disease/damage
E. Coli express these 5 structures that determine serotypes
This strain of salmonella causes abortion in cattle
What is Salmonella Dublin
The cycle of virus replication
What is attachment, entry/uncoating, replication, protein synthesis, assembly/release
The three ways we can attempt to fix dysbiosis
What is:
Prebiotics, probiotics, and FMT/RFT
How the two types of GI pathogens overcome host defenses (Need all three for frank pathogens)
What is:
Opportunistic- something else caused the dysbiosis so they can spread
Frank- Bloom to high levels, evade host immunity, damage host cells
This serotype of E. coli causes severe diarrhea (+/- hemorhhagic) and abdominal pain
Causes Edema Disease in weaned pigs
Releases Stx1 and Stx2/VT1 and VT2 that damage epithelial cells but also enter circulation to cause systemic damage
Cause attaching and effacing lesions
What is Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)
The effects of toxins from SPI-1 and SPI-2 gene expression
What is toxin release:
Causes inflammation, macrophage infestation, and siderophores stealing iron from host
The three types of viral entry into the cell
What are direct penetration, membrane fusion, and endocytosis
The two most prevalent bacterial types in a healthy colon microbiome
What are Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes
Difference between damage caused by non-invasive and facultative intracellular bacteria
What is:
Non-invasive- Cause attaching and effacing lesions
Facultative intracellular- Attach and move intracellularly, often with use of toxins
This serotype of E. coli causes diarrhea in in many species
No toxins
Classic attaching and effacing lesions with pedestal formation
What is Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Difference between Host-restricted, Host-adapted, and Host-unrestricted salmonella infections
What is:
Restricted- disease in species restricted to
Adapted- Septicemia in adapted species, enteritis in others
Unrestricted- Diarrhea many species
The polarity of a single stranded RNA virus that needs to transcribe the opposite strand before being translated in a host cell
What is minus sense (negative)
3 of the 9 diseases linked to Dysbiosis
What is:
Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome, CKD, Atopic Dermatitis, B cell Lymphoma, Thromboembolism, Asthma/COPD, Laminitis, Diabetes Mellitus, Necrotic Enteritis
Detailed description of 2/3 methods frank pathogens use to overcome host defenses
What is:
Bloom to high numbers, overwhelm host defenses, outcompete other bacteria. Faster replication or more time to replicate and GI transit time can contribute.
Evade host immunity, survive in range of PHs, motility in mucus, evade IGA binding
Damage host cells, helps bacteria remain in intestine, bind to epithelial cells by pili/fimbriae
Serotype of E. Coli that causes secretory diarrhea in neonatal animals, especially calves, lambs, and piglets
Releases LT and STa/STb toxins that cause loss of electrolytes and water from enterocytes
Attach to host cells and don't cause damage this way
What is enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Host adapted strain of Salmonella from mice that causes enteritis in pigs
Can cause systemic disease in non-mouse species too
What is Salmonella Typhimurium
How non-enveloped viruses are released from cells
What is cell lysis and death
If they mention how enveloped viruses bud off the cell, a penalty of 300 points is incurred for being a know-it-all