Prelinguistic Stage
(birth to around 6 months)
(birth to around 6 months)
True or False: infants begin using words by 6 months of age.
False. Infants don't begin using words until around their first birthday.
How many words does a child typically have in their lexicon by age 2?
120-300 words
Give an example of an overextension.
When a child labels all four-legged animals as dogs.
By what age do adolescents switch between registers?
13 years old
At what age do children begin to engage in cooing and laughter?
Give an example of a substantive word a child in this stage might use.
anything that names an object
Define fast-mapping.
learning through a single representation of single exposure to the item, object or word
By 6 years old, how many words does a child typically have in their receptive vocabulary?
20,000-24,000 words
What are morphologically complex words? Give an example.
Words that have prefixes/affixes attached. gentle--> gentleness
Give three examples of reflexive vocalizations.
burping, crying, grunting, etc.
Name three semantic relations combinations.
nomination (demonstrative+N), nonexistence (no+N), action-object (V+N), agent-action (N+V), recurrence ("more"+N), action-locative (V+N or V+Loc), entity-locative (N+N or N+Loc), possessor-possession (N+N), agent-object (N+N), entity-attributive (Att.+N, N+Att. or "hi"+N), notice ("hi"+N), instrumental (V+N), action-indirect object (V+N), or conjunction (N+N)
How many speech sounds does a child have for word initial positions by age 2? For final position?
initial: 9-10 sounds
final: 5-6 sounds
For older school age children, what style of language sampling is used? Define the term.
C-units: independent clauses and the dependent/subordinate clauses attached
How does an adolescents reading ability impact their ability to define words?
receptive vocabulary may be smaller if they struggle to read therefore their ability to categorize may be less developed
Describe the difference between canonical babbling and variegated (non-repetitive) babbling.
canonical: reduplicated and non-reduplicated sounds/syllables but no intention
variegated: non-repetitive, with intonation, stress patterns and sounds that are typically seen in the child's first words later on
What is a typical MLU for a child in Stage 1 of Brown's morphemes?
1.5
By what age do most children have all 14 of Brown's morphemes acquired? What is the typical MLU for a child this age?
age 5; MLU >4.5
By what age do children understand metaphors?
When does an adolescent's abilities to consider the perspective of others begin to refine?
middle- late adolescence
Define illocution, locution and perlocution.
illocution: speaker having intention to communicate
locution: expressing intention to communicate
perlocution: listener interpreting another's intended utterance
By 13 months of age (just after their first birthday) about how many words can a child in this stage comprehend?
Define and give an example of mutual exclusivity.
assuming a new word will apply to an unknown object; examples may vary
Define what a true narrative is and at what age is it typically seen.
by age 9 children can produce true narratives where a main character and theme are present alongside defined episodic structure and focused causal and temporal organization
Provide a form of figurative language in which older adolescents may not demonstrate complete mastery of interpretation for.
Idioms