Deontology
This philosopher is most commonly associated with deontological ethics.
Who is Immanuel Kant?
This medieval philosopher is the most well-known proponent of natural law theory.
Who is Thomas Aquinas?
Egoism argues that moral decisions should be based on this.
What is self-interest?
This ancient Greek philosopher is most closely associated with virtue ethics.
Who is Aristotle?
This feminist ethicist developed the ethics of care in response to traditional moral theories.
Who is Carol Gilligan?
According to Kant, moral actions must be guided by this universal principle.
What is the categorical imperative?
Natural law is grounded in this overarching concept.
What is human nature? (or design)
This philosopher is associated with ethical egoism and wrote The Virtue of Selfishness.
Who is Ayn Rand?
Virtue ethicists believe that moral virtue is found in this balance between extremes.
What is the Golden Mean?
Ethics of care emphasizes this quality as central to moral decision-making, rather than abstract principles.
What is relationships (or care)?
Deontological ethics is often contrasted with this consequentialist ethical theory.
What is utilitarianism?
Natural law theory is based on the idea that certain fundamental aspects of life, such as life, knowledge, and procreation, are inherently valuable and should be preserved.
What are basic goods?
A son who wishes for his father’s death because he believes it is in his self-interest due to an inheritance is an example of how egoism can lead to violations of these.
What are considered moral judgments?
If I have too much of a certain virtue I have a vice of _______. If I have too little of a virtue, I have a virtue of _____.
What is excess and deficiency?
Gilligan’s ethics of care was developed as a response to this psychologist’s theory of moral development, which she argued was biased toward a male perspective.
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
This term refers to actions being right or wrong in themselves, independent of their consequences.
What is duty-based ethics? (non-consequentialism)
This principle in natural law theory explains how an action can have both a morally good intended effect and an unintended negative consequence.
What is the doctrine of double effect?
In ethical egoism, acts of self-sacrifice and altruism are viewed as this.
What is morally wrong?
The ultimate goal of human life, according to Aristotle, is this state of flourishing.
What is eudaimonia?
Unlike theories that prioritize justice or utility, ethics of care suggests that moral reasoning is context-dependent and guided by this.
What is empathy (or compassion)?
Kant argues that people must never treat others as mere means but always as this.
What is an end in themselves?
One major criticism of natural law theory is that it attempts to derive moral prescriptions from natural facts, an issue known as this.
What is the is/ought problem?
Unlike ethical egoism, which is prescriptive, this version of egoism claims that people always act in their own self-interest, whether they realize it or not.
What is psychological egoism?
According to ancient virtue ethics, one can improve one's own virtue by imitating _________.
A key critique of ethics of care is that it risks reinforcing these traditional societal roles.
What are gender roles (or stereotypes)?