CH 9 - Substances
TEMPERATURE. There are three scales for measuring temperature. The one used for scientific purposes is KELVIN. What are the other two units for measuring temperature?
Celsius and Fahrenheit
Which famous scientist accomplished the following?
started using math and experimentation
All falling objects accelerate at same rate, regardless of weight
Objects continue to fall until force to stop them
Studied astronomy - different view of heavens (Copernicus - PLANETS ORBIT THE SUN) + invented telescope
Galileo
What is CHEMISTRY the study of?
Matter - how it behaves and what happens when it changes
What is a:
disturbance in space and time that carries energy from one place to another (many types)
Wave
What is: "The amount of space an object takes up?" This is called its ______________.
VOLUME
__________ Energy (What type) is: total kinetic energy of all atoms in substances. It:
Increases as heated
3 variables to keep track of it are: temperature, pressure, volume
INTERNAL Energy
Which famous scientist accomplished the following?
Very famous from writing the book: Principa Mathematica
Formulated the 3 laws of motion + shows planets move in elliptical orbits/ gravity
Isaac Newton
What are the two parts of chemical equations? (What are the things that go in called and the things that come out called)?
Reactants + Products
(MECHANICL/TRANSVERSE) Waves come from oscillating perpendicularly to direction of wave propagation.
(MECHANICAL /TRANSVERSE) Waves are formed when medium is disturbed by a force. These are all waves except light.
TRANSVERSE
MECHANICAL
What are THREE (of the FOUR) phases of matter?
1. Liquid
2. Solid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
Properties are ways to identify substances.
There are two types of properties of a substance: PHYSICAL(what you can observe with your 5 senses) and TECHNICAL. Name at least one example of each.
Simple things: shape, color, density, luster
Technical things: hardness, malleability/ductility, strength/elasticity/ electrical conductivity/ melting point/ boiling point/ density
(VELOCITY/DENSITY) is how fast an object is moving. (VELOCITY/DENSTY) is the amount of matter contained in an object.
1. Velocity
2. Density
A. (ACIDS/BASES) are compounds that produce hydrogen ions (+1 charge) in aqueous solutions
B. (ACIDS/BASES) are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (-1 charge) in aqueous solutions
A. Acids
B. Bases
Ultrasound,
Sonar
Echolocation (Bats)
PRESSURE: is caused by collisions of molecules in fluids (liquid/gases)
Higher IE = faster molecules → harder collisions → higher pressure
Atmospheric pressure (caused by weight of gases - molecules in gases zooming + colliding)
Pressure in gases (air compressors/ hair spray/ spray paint)
*Pressure making liquids flow ( water tower → pump water into buildings)
State which law each of the following is (1st/ 2nd/ 3rd) of motion:
A. In the absence of a force, an object remains in its present state of motion - either at rest, or moving at a constant speed in the same direction.
B. The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force acting on it
C. When one object pushes on another with a certain force, the second object pushes back on the first one with equal force
A = 1st
B = 2nd
C =3rd
pH Scales: Goes from what number to what number?
**The middle of the scale is 'neutral'. A substance is more acidic as it moves closer to what number? And more basic as it moves closer to what number?
1. 0 to 14
2. Acidic - closer to 0
3. Basic - closer to 14
Waves exhibit common, predictable phenomena as they hit surfaces + pass obstructions in their paths. Name each type of behavior described here: (REFRACTION or REFLECTION)?
1. waves change direction (when passing from one medium to another) if wave velocity is different in the two media
2. light from environment reflects off your body toward glass of mirror + light reflects back, hitting you in the eye (to see yourself) + sound waves reflect off side of nearby building
1. Refraction
2. Reflection
Name at least TWO examples of chemical properties.
Combustion, Oxidation, Corrosion,
CHEMICAL REACTIONS form compounds. Name at least two types of chemical reactions we talked about:
1. combustion
2. oxidation/redox
3. precipitation
4. acid-base