Neurotoxicants & Neuroendocrine Disruptors
compounds that interfere with hormonally regulated physiological processes
What are endocrine disruptors?
Anxiety disorders are quite common, with a range of ______ percent of the population experiencing one or multiple at some point in their lives.
What is 10-30%?
These studies are how we determine if there is a genetic component to a psychological disorder.
What are twin studies?
This structural difference is notable in patients with schizophrenia
What are enlarged brain vesicles (ventriculomegaly)?
The _____ glands, composed of two subcomponents, are key regulators of salt and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions, and emotional arousal.
What are the adrenal glands?
The amygdala, composed of these three nuclei, is crucial for emotional responses, particularly fear.
What are the lateral, basolateral, and central nuclei?
The sleep-wake cycle is ruled by this.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Symptoms of schizophrenia are called this not when they are beneficial, but when they introduce something new as opposed to take something away.
What is a positive symptom?
The thyroid gland releases these two hormones, which both produce normal thyroid tissue effects and regulate the pituitary gland in a process called feedback inhibition.
What are thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
This hormone, released by the hypothalamus, occasionally acts as a neurotransmitter in brain regions associated with anxiety.
What is corticotropin-releasing factor?
There is an elevation of this in the CSF of depressed individuals, an increase of this, resulting in a decrease this. This chain leads to a loss of dendritic branches in hippocampal cells.
What are corticotropin-receptive factor, glucocorticoids, and BDNF?
Hallucinations, paranoia, and anhedonia are all well known psychological symptoms of schizophrenia. This, however, is key physical symptom.
Many pesticides are organophosphates and interfere with typical acetylcholine signaling via this process.
What is phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?
Administration of this can increase NE release, which can trigger panic attacks in people with PTSD.
What is the a2-autoreceptor antagonist yohimbine?
Valproic acid, a common bipolar depression medication, targets this
What is B-cell lymphoma-2 protein (Bcl-2)?
What is the Wisconsin card sorting task?
Lead poisoning impacts Ca2+ signaling via this process at the synaptic level.
What is inhibition of NDMAR?
Benzodiazepines bind to this site, increasing the conductance of chloride ions as an indirect agonist.
What are allosteric sites on GABAA receptor chloride ion channels?
Ketamine's inhibition of NMDA receptors and enhancement of AMPA receptors results in an increase in this, which in turn produces rapid antidepressant effects.
What is protein kinase mTOR?
This glycoprotein is key for organizing neurons in development.
What is reelin?