Pharmacokinetics
These two organs are key metabolizers of drugs
What are the liver and kidneys?
The maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of dose
What is efficacy?
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are examples of _____
An important set of cholinergic cells are located here
What is the dorsolateral pons?
This neurotransmitter is key in developing addiction
What is dopamine?
Intravenous _______ is always 100%
What is bioavailability?
________ initiate a biological action that is opposite to that produced by an agonist
What are inverse agonists?
The three ascending dopaminergic pathways stem from one of these two brain structures
What are the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area?
Astrocytes play an important role in the cycle of these neurotransmitters
What are glutamate and GABA?
The addiction potential of a substance is influenced by this
What is the route/method of administration?
____________ are surrounded by glial feet—extensions of the glial cells called astrocytes.
What are brain capillaries?
The three types of tolerance are _____, ______, and ______
What are metabolic, pharmacodynamic, and behavioral?
VMAT2 can be blocked by this drug, disrupting the regular release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
What is reserpine?
This key glutamate receptor requires a co-agonist, either glycine or D-serine
What is an NMDA receptor?
These refer to the body's ability to maintain internal conditions and adapt to external ones
Conjugation -> Acetylation -> Sulfation -> Glucuronidation
What is Phase II metabolism?
This is calculated by comparing the dose of a drug required to produce a toxic effect in 50% of individuals with the dose that is effective for 50%.
What is the therapeutic index?
Ionotropic receptors are noted for their fast impact. Metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, are slower through the reduction of _____ synthesis by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase.
What is cyclic AMP? (cAMP?)
These two neurotransmitters are themselves products of other neurotransmitters
What are norepinephrine and GABA?
The three classes of risk factors for developing drug addiction
A drug is considered to be completely eliminated after _____
What are six half-lives?
_____ drugs can have additional beneficial effects.
What is pleiotropic?
Cholinergic receptors come in two families, ____ and ____
What are nicotinic and muscarinic?
Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neurosteroids, and picrotoxins can bind to this specific receptor.
What is a GABAA receptor?
Although heroin is classified as this, its active component morphine is not
What is a Schedule 1 drug?