Neuro
what is Brudzinski's sign?
passively flexing neck causes involuntary flexion of both knees
What is the main role of:
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-stomach's role is to break down food
-small intestine's role is to absorb nutrients
-large intestine's role is to absorb water
Destruction of beta cell in pancreas causes what disease
Diabetes mellitus type 1
List causes of acute kidney injury
contrast dye, acetaminophen, kidney stone (urolithiasis), antibiotics
hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity
what is kernig's sign?
client flexes one hip. Ask client to straighten leg. client is unable to do so or has severe pain in the hamstrings
What are examples of inflammatory bowel diseases?
Ulcerative colitis
Chrohn's
What type of client would develop hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome (HHNKS)?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus very high blood glucose
list causes chronic kidney injury
diabetes, nephrosclerosis, polycystic kidney disease
A DVT that dislodges can end up turning into what respiratory disorder?
pulmonary embolism
what is a contusion?
Can happen after injury, fall. Bruising of brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessels, and edema
describe the pathophysiology of cirrhosis
destruction of liver caused by virus, alcohol, cancer. leading to portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy due to elevated ammonia levels, decreased albumin levels, diminished clotting factors
pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis can cause damage to the pancreas and lead to what disease?
diabetes
what are risk factors for urolithiasis?
dehydration, hypercalcemia, elevated uric acid levels, immobility
What is needed for vitamin B12 to be absorbed in the body?
Intrinsic factor
what is Parkinson's disease?
-disorder affects the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Leads to decreased dopamine
Manifestations: tremors (pill rolling), bradykinesia, rigidity
What GI complications can immobility lead to?
constipation, slowing down peristalsis, altered metabolic function (weight gain, hepercalcemia), decreased appetite
name hypothyroidism manifestations
bradycardia, increased BMI, fatigue, constipation, cold intolerance
what are UTI risk factors?
hygiene (improper wiping), diabetes, immobility, catheters, older adults
A client complaints of having diarrhea for 3 days. What complications is this client at risk for?
dehydration, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis,
What is Cushing's reflex (triad) that is seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
hypertension (widening pulse pressure), bradycardia, and bradypnea
What GI changes occur in older adults?
slowing down of peristalsis, dry mouth, tooth loss, decreased taste buds, constipation
list hyperthyroidism manifestations
silky hair, low BMI, exophthalmos, insomnia, tachycardia, warm skin, tremors, heat intolerance
what is the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis?
type 3 hypersensitivity. immune complexes deposit in the nephron an cause inflammation. manifestations : hematuria (cola colored urine), proteinuria, edema
A client undergoing chemotherapy indicates that they have white coating inside their mouth. It appears similar to cottage cheese and is difficult to rub off. What is this disorder called?
candidiasis (thrush)