Diabetes
Chronic kidney disease, Diabetic neuropathy, infections, vascular disease, CAD, diabetic retinopathy (blindness), stroke, foot ulcers and more...
BONUS Question: Explain why these complications occur
The nurse is caring for a client who has weight gain, lethargy, bradycardia, cold intolerance, and pale/dry skin. Which hormone imbalance do you anticipate?
Hypothyroidism
BONUS: Describe the metabolism and appetite in a client with hypothyroidism
Describe risk factors for the development of a DVT.
immobility, endothelial injury, hypercoagulable state (taking oral birth control with smoking or dehydration)
BONUS: What can a patient do to reduce the risk of DVT and PE?
Viral, bacterial, fungal
BONUS: Which may be harder to treat and why?
Describe why patients with chronic kidney disease may develop anemia
Decreased erythropoietin
fasting blood glucose, glycosolated hemoglobin (A1C), oral glucose tolerance test
Bonus: Which of these tests describes blood glucose control over 3 months?
Describe the hormone imbalance anticipated with Addison's disease
Decreased cortisol, decreased aldosterone
BONUS: Describe the anticipated vital signs and electrolyte imbalances, and blood glucose anticipated with Addison's disease
Name 5 common complications of immobility
Contractures, renal calculi, poor kidney function, UTI, pneumonia, decreased oxygenation, blood clots, stasis of the blood, lack of stimulation, anxiety, isolation, confusion, depression, loss of appetite, poor fluid intake, constipation, incontinence, bowel obstruction, electrolyte imbalance
Describe 5 anticipated findings of pneumonia
Yellow-green sputum, dyspnea, hypoxia, tachycardia, fever, tachypnea, leukocytosis, fatigue, confusion, chills, anorexia...And others
BONUS: What is the difference between nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia?
Name 4 triggers for sickle cell crisis
dehydration, hypoxia (smoking, strenuous exercise, high altitudes), infection
BONUS: What can a patient do to help reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisis?
Name 2 stress hormones that affect blood glucose control
Cortisol, epinephrine
Overproduction of antidiuretic hormone will result in this disease
SIADH
Bonus: Will they exhibit fluid volume overload or deficit? and describe their urine output, anticipated vital signs changes, and electrolyte imbalance
Describe the pathophysiology of osteoporosis
Bonus: Which electrolyte imbalance is anticipated with osteoporosis? Which hormone imbalance is linked to osteoporosis?
What is the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolus
A blood clot or blockage in the lung vasculature leading to impaired gas exchange.
BONUS: What is the etiology of pulmonary embolus?
Describe the major causes and risk factors of iron deficiency anemia
females, pre-menopausal, blood loss, liver disease, nutritional deficiency
What is the complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
BONUS: Describe how the pathophysiology of HHS is different from DKA. (Hint: the answer is NOT type 1 vs type 2 diabetes)
Name 6 manifestations of Cushing's disease
Truncal obesity, hyperglycemia, fragile skin, pale skin, moon face (facial swelling), buffalo hump, purple striae, decreased immunity, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, Weight gain, edema, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, mood lability
What commonly causes autonomic dysreflexia?
Bowel and bladder distension
BONUS: What vital sign changes are anticipated with autonomic dysreflexia? What is the complication of autonomic dysreflexia?
Where does gas exchange occur?
the alveoli
BONUS: Describe 4 factors that could impair gas exchange
Describe the anticipated laboratory changes with aplastic anemia
Pancytopenia: anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia
BONUS: What complication may the patient experience with aplastic anemia?
Describe 6 manifestations of hypoglycemia
tachycardia, palpitations, diaphoresis, hunger, irritability, confusion, tremors, low temperature, headache, anxiety, weakness... AND others..."think cold and clammy give me candy."
BONUS: Describe 6 symptoms of hyperglycemia
hypothalamus
BONUS: What is negative feedback?
What actions are recommended for a client who falls and injures their wrist?
RICE
Bonus: Explain why the injured area may look red. Why might it look swollen?
Give 3 examples of extrinsic vs intrinsic asthma
Extrinsic asthma involves acute episodes triggered by external allergens (pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, certain foods) in a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Intrinsic asthma is triggered by non-allergic factors such as respiratory infections, stress, exercise, cold, dry air, smoke, pollution, and certain medications.
What is the pathophysiology of pernicious anemia
Damage to the parietal cells leads to decreased intrinsic factor, which is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12.