Lobes
The lobe that is responsible for interpreting visual information.
What is the occipital lobe?
This neurotransmitter helps to regulate reward, motivation, movement, and control in the brain.
What is dopamine?
The trunk of the brain. This structure connects the brain to the spinal cord.
What is the brainstem?
An often chronic mental health condition characterized by visual and/or auditory hallucinations, delusional thoughts, social withdrawal, and disorganized speech.
What is schizophrenia?
What is the resting potential of a neuron (the charge across the membrane when it is not actively transmitting signals)? Please give the number and list your units.
What is around -60 to -70 millivolts (mV)?
The lobe that is responsible for remembering auditory information, such as speech or music.
What is the temporal lobe?
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that regulates fight, flight, or freezing in situations of perceived crisis.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
This structure is the brain's hub for emotional processing, particularly fear, anxiety, and aggression.
What is the amygdala?
A broad spectrum term for a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges with social interaction, restricted or repetitive behaviors, intense focus on specific topics, and difficulties with transition from one activity to another.
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Name the 3 major parts of a neuron.
What are the axon, the soma (cell body), and dendrites?
The lobe of the brain that is responsible for processing sensory information (such as pain, temperature, and spatial awareness).
What is the parietal lobe?
A patient presents with slowed, effortful speech after experiencing a stroke. This is associated with impaired sentence structure, including the removal of less important words from their sentences. When thirsty, they repeatedly say "Want water now." Which part of the brain is most likely damaged?
Broca's area
This structure is the body's primary center for maintaining homeostasis. Hint: it is directly below the brain's relay station.
What is the hypothalamus?
The disease that is characterized by destruction of cells in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine. Clinical features often include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, gait instability, loss of smell, and depressive symptoms.
What is Parkinson's disease?
The brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life based on experiences.
What is neuroplasticity?
The lobe that is responsible for reasoning, executive functions (e.g. attention and focus), decision-making, organizing, and voluntary muscle movements.
What is the frontal lobe?
We can assume this when there is more cerebral blood flow in a particular area of the brain.
What is higher neural activation / "that part is being used more" / high activation ?
This bundle of nerve fibers connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
What is the corpus callosum?
This autoimmune disease involves degeneration of myelin sheaths within the CNS. Clinical features include numbness/tingling (neuropathy), vision loss or optic pain, mobility issues, significant fatigue, and muscle spasms or weakness.
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
For every 3 ____ ions that are transported out, 2 ____ ions are brought in.
What are Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium)?
The lobe of the brain hidden deep within the lateral sulcus that processes taste/pain/temperature, is involved in homeostasis, and is very much INSULATED by the other lobes (AKA the bridge between emotional and sensory systems).
What is the insular cortex?
Match the imaging type to the definition.
MRI, CT, fMRI, PET.
Shows metabolic activity, fast/emergency imaging, captures detailed structure, measures blood flow/activity
What are:
MRI - detailed structure
CT - fast/emergency imaging
fMRI - meas. blood flow/activity
PET - shows metabolic activity
The clear, colorless liquid circulating in the brain's ventricles and in the subarachnoid space. This liquid surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a cushion, provides nutrients, and eliminates waste.
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
The clinical term for when a person experiences pain, itching, or movement in a limb that has been amputated. It is caused by the brain's continual mapping of their missing limb and cortical reorganization.
What is phantom limb syndrome?
The brain's natural process for eliminating weak or unused connections (synapses) to improve efficiency. This process reduces total synapse count in humans by approximately 50% between the ages of 2 to 10 years old.
What is (synaptic) pruning?