Function of Neurons
The five phases of an action potential
What are:
Rest, Rising phase, Overshoot, Falling phase, & Undershoot
The two classes of synapses and how do they differ
What are...
Electrical
- Ions/current moves from one cell into the other
-Immediate response
-Direct connection between cells
-Bidirectional
Chemical
-Synaptic junction
-Delay in response
-Requires NT release and binding
-Unidirectional
This layer of the cortex receives sensory input
The two classes of lower motor neurons and their function
What are Alpha motor neurons (control muscle contractions) and Gamma motor neurons (innervate intrafusal muscle fibers)
The brain area that controls bodily homeostasis
This neuronal channel type is open in all conditions
What are leak channels?
The protein responsible for calcium-dependent vesicle release at the presynaptic terminal
What is Synaptotagmin
The organ and location that high frequency sound vibrations are represented
What is the base of the basilar membrane
The innervating afferents of muscle spindles
What are 1a sensory neurons
These classes of drugs are prescribed for both anxiety and depression
What are SSRIs and SNRIs
The membrane voltage at which chemical and electrical forces are equal and opposite in direction
What is the Nernst equilibrium potential (Eion)
The type of response exhibited by cells in the visual, auditory, motor system, etc. that assigns stimulus specificity
What is Tuning curves
The somatosensory pathway that crosses at the level of the spinal cord
What is the Spinothalamic tract
Non-cortical brain area that controls the execution of planned voluntary, multi-joint movements
Reduced affect and social withdrawal are an example of this type of symptom of what psychiatric illness
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia
The properties of an axon that determine the speed of its transmission
What are myelination (resistance) and size (diameter)
The two major classes of neurotransmitter types, and the location of their synthesis
What are:
Small molecule neurotransmitters- local at the presynaptic terminal
Neuropeptide neurotransmitters- precursors synthesized at ER and final synthesis from precursors occurs inside the secretory granules
The role of GTP in metabotropic signal transduction
This tract carries the axons of upper motor neurons and decussates where?
What is the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract and medullary pyramids
Treatment with norepinephrine-targeting drugs would affect the post-ganglionic neurons of this division of the nervous system
What is the sympathetic nervous system
The direction a positive ion will flow when its driving force is negative
What is into the cell?
The 7 steps involved in chemical neurotransmission
What are:
Synthesis (neurotransmitters & neuropeptides)
Packaging into synaptic vesicles
Vesicle fusion
Release of NT into the synaptic cleft
Binding to postsynaptic receptors
Biochemical/electrical response in post-synaptic cell
Removal of NT from synaptic cleft and endocytosis of vesicle
The two types of glutamate receptors present in bipolar neurons and the way they differ in function
What are mGluR6 (induce hyperpolarization) and AMPAR (induces depolarization)
The state of the thalamus when there is no cortical input to the basal ganglia
What is tonically inhibited
The treatment of depression with catecholamine drugs is evidence of what hypothesized biological mechanism
What is the Monoamine hypothesis