Cancer
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors do not metastasize, while malignant tumors grow aggressively and can spread to other organs
What is the most common site for breast cancer?
The upper outer quadrant of the breast
What is the most common location for colorectal cancer?
The rectosigmoid colon
What is leukemia?
A cancer of the blood-forming tissues, leading to excessive immature white blood cells
What chemotherapy drug is nicknamed "Red Devil" due to its red discoloration of urine?
Doxorubicin
What is the most definitive way to diagnose cancer?
A biopsy
Name two risk factors for developing breast cancer
Examples: Older age, BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, family history, early menarche, late menopause, obesity
What is the first sign of colorectal cancer in many cases?
Rectal bleeding
What type of leukemia is most common in children?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia - ALL
What drug is used to stimulate red blood cell production in cancer patients?
Epoetin alfa
What is metastasis, and why is it dangerous?
The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body, leading to secondary tumors
How often should women perform a breast self-exam (BSE)?
Monthly, 3-5 days after their menstrual cycle begins
Name two modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer.
High-fat/low-fiber diet, smoking, alcohol use, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
What is the primary concern for leukemia patients due to neutropenia?
Increased risk of infection
What breast cancer medication blocks estrogen receptors to slow tumor growth?
Tamoxifen
What are the three components of the Tumor Grading System (TNM staging)?
T - Tumor size, N - Lymph node involvement, M - Metastasis
What post-mastectomy complication can occur due to lymph node removal?
Lymphedema
What is the primary screening test for early detection of colorectal cancer?
Colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50
Why should leukemia patients avoid live vaccines?
Their immune system is compromised, increasing the risk of infection
What drug is used to increase platelet production after chemotherapy?
Oprelvekin
Name two oncologic emergencies and their symptoms
Examples: Superior vena cava syndrome—facial/upper body swelling, Hypercalcemia—bone pain, arrhythmias, SIADH—water retention, hyponatremia
Name two nursing interventions to reduce lymphedema risk post-mastectomy
Elevate the arm, avoid BP/IV sticks on affected side, perform hand exercises, wear compression sleeves
What dietary recommendations should a patient with a colostomy follow?
Avoid gas-producing foods, increase fiber intake gradually, drink plenty of fluids
What is the difference between autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplants?
Autologous uses the patient's own stem cells; allogeneic comes from a donor
What medication is used to treat leukopenia by increasing neutrophil production?
Filgrastim