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Building a Culture of Health through Community Health Promotion
Building a Culture of Health through Community Health Promotion
Population-Centered Nursing in Rural and Urban Environments
Promoting Health Through Healthy Communities and Cities
Nurse-led Health Center: A Model for Community Nursing Practice
100
The ______ ________ _________ reflected a holistic perspective in its classic definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
What is WHO
100
The ______ ______ ______ ________ _____ obesity and diabetes maps have been widely credited for identifying the epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States.
What is The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
100
Identify level of prevention:The public health nurse partners with a women’s organization in a faith community located in a small Midwestern town to instruct members on meal planning as a strategy to offset the tendency to develop diabetes in family members.
What is Primary Prevention
100
The goal of this movement is to promote health through community involvement in problem solving. The premise is that community citizens must be involved in identifying the need for health programs and in developing programs to meet those needs.
What is healthy communities and cities.
100
A nurse-practice arrangement, managed by advanced practice nurses, that provides primary care or wellness services to underserved or vulnerable populations and is associated with a school, college, university, or department of nursing, federally qualified health center, or an independent non-profit health or social services agency.
What is “nurse-managed health clinic” or “NMHC”
200
Important assumptions underlying this model include the need for integration of care in the complex health care system; the inseparable nature of individuals, families, aggregates, and community systems; and the maximization of health potential through health promotion interventions.
What is Integrative Model for Community Health Promotion
200
• The health hazard appraisal and its many versions • Clinical guidelines and recommendations for preventive services • Wellness appraisals or inventories
What are HEALTH ASSESSMENT APPROACHES
200
Higher population more than 99 persons per square mile, cities with populations of at least 20,000 no but no less than 50,000
What is Urban
200
Assess needs and strengths in the community to detect ways to address health problems.
What is Secondary Prevention
200
Focus on health promotion, disease prevention, and management programs. APNs and others provide outreach and public awareness services, health education, immunizations, family assessment and screening services, home visiting, and social support
What is Wellness Centers
300
1. The Social Gradient: Life expectancy is shorter and most diseases are more common further down the social ladder in each society. 2. Stress: Stressful circumstances—Making people feel worried, anxious, and unable to cope—are damaging to health and may lead to premature death. 3. Early Life: The health impact of early development and education lasts a lifetime. 4. Social Exclusion: Hardship and resentment, poverty, social exclusion, and discrimination cost lives. 5. Work: Stress in the workplace increases the risk of disease. People who have more control over their work have better health. 6. Unemployment: Job security increases health, well-being, and job satisfaction. Higher rates of unemployment cause more illness and premature death. 7. Social support: Friendship, good social relations, and strong supportive networks improve health at home, at work, and in the community. 8. Addiction: Individuals turn to alcohol, drugs, and tobacco and suffer from their use, but use is influenced by the wider social setting. 9. Food: Because global market forces control the food supply, healthy food is a political issue. 10. Transport: Healthy transport means less driving and more walking and cycling, backed up by better public transport.
What are THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
300
This model guides health promotion as well as illness prevention interventions. According to this model, health care and health-related behavior are a function of individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and population factors. Thus, interventions are specific to each of these levels.
What is social ecological model
300
Residents in the most rural counties have the following: •Highest death rates for children and young adults •Highest death rates for unintentional and motor vehicle traffic–related injuries •Highest death rates among adults for ischemic heart disease and suicide •Highest levels of smoking among adolescents •Highest levels of physical activity during leisure time among men •Highest levels of obesity among adults •Highest percentage of adults with activity limitations caused by chronic health conditions •Fewest physician specialists and dentists per capita •Least likely to have seen a dentist •Highest percentage of the population without health insurance
What is DISPARITIES AMONG U.S. RURAL (MICROPOLITAN) RESIDENTS’ HEALTH STATUS
300
Identify level of prevention: Initiate community action when problems have occurred and evaluate and monitor progress of programs and policies.
What is Tertiary Prevention
300
___________are responsive and provide services and specialized health knowledge and skills to a particular group, and they are an adjunct to comprehensive primary health care models. Examples of special care centers are those that focus on the needs of people with diabetes or HIV/AIDS, adolescent mothers, the frail elderly, and support services for people with mental disorders
What are Special Care Centers
400
Interactions among genes, socioeconomic circumstances, behavioral choices, environmental exposures, and medical care
What is major determinants of health or Interaction of multiple determinants of health.
400
• Health status of populations is a function of the lack or excess of health-sustaining resources. • Behavior patterns of populations are related to habits of choice from actual or perceived limited resources and related attitudes. • Organizational decisions determine the range of personal resources available. • Individual health-related decisions are influenced by efforts to maximize valued resources in both the personal and societal domains. • Social change is reflective of a change in population behavior patterns. • Health education will impact behavior patterns minimally without new health-promoting options for investing personal resources.
What is MILIO’S PROPOSITIONS FOR IMPROVING HEALTH BEHAVIOR
400
More space; greater distances between residents and services • Cyclical/seasonal work and leisure activities • Informal social and professional interactions • Access to extended kinship systems • Residents who are related or acquainted • Lack of anonymity • Challenges in maintaining confidentiality stemming from familiarity among residents • Small (often family) enterprises; fewer large industries • Economic orientation to land and nature with industries that are extractive in nature (e.g., agriculture, mining, lumbering, marine-related; outdoor recreational activities) • More high-risk occupations • Town as center of trade • Churches and schools as socialization centers • Preference for interacting with locals (insiders) • Mistrust of newcomers to the community (outsiders)
What are CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL LIFE
400
•Health education: Health knowledge, attitudes, motivation, intentions, behavior, personal skills, and effectiveness •Influence and social action: Community participation, community empowerments, social standards, and public opinion •Healthy public policies and organizational practices: Political statutes, legislation, and regulation; location of resources; organization practices, culture, and behavior •Healthy living conditions and lifestyles: Use of tobacco, availability of food and food choices, physical activity, consumption of alcohol and drugs, relationship between protective factors and risk factors in the physical and social environment •Effectiveness of health services: Delivery of preventive services, access to the health services, and quality of services •Healthy environments and spaces: Restricted sale of tobacco and alcohol; restrictions on illicit drug use; positive environments for children, young people, and older adults; and sanctions for abuse and violence •Social results: Quality of life, social support networks, positive discrimination, equity, development of life skills •Health outcomes: Reduction of morbidity and mortality, disability, and avoidable mortality; psychosocial and life skills •Capacity building and development: Measures of sustainability, community participation and empowerment, human-resources development
What is DESIGNING INTERVENTIONS AND EVALUATING RESULTS OF HEALTHY MUNICIPALITIES AND CITIES
400
• Engaging stakeholders • Describing the program • Focusing the evaluation design • Gathering credible evidence • Justifying conclusions • Ensuring use and sharing lessons learned
What is ESSENTIAL PROGRAM EVALUATION STEPS
500
Identify the level of prevention: If the blood glucose level indicates that the client has diabetes, begin treatment, which might include a diabetic diet, regular exercise, and medication.
What is Tertiary Prevention
500
• Lack of health care providers and services • Great distances to obtain services • Lack of personal transportation • Unavailable public transportation • Lack of telephone services • Unavailable outreach services • Inequitable reimbursement policies for providers • Unpredictable weather and/or travel conditions • Inability to pay for care/lack of health insurance • Lack of “know how” to procure publicly funded entitlements and services • Inadequate provider attitudes and understanding about rural populations • Language barriers (caregivers not linguistically competent) • Care and services not culturally and linguistically appropriate
What are BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE IN RURAL AREAS
500
• A clean and safe environment • A diverse and vibrant economy • Good housing for all • Good roads and good public transportation • Parks, playgrounds and recreational facilities • People who respect and support each other • A place that promotes and celebrates its cultural and historical heritage • A place where citizens and government share power and where citizens feel a sense of belonging • A place that has affordable health care for all • A place that has good schools • A place that has and supports strong families
WHAT IS A HEALTHY COMMUNITY
500
Identify level of prevention: Conduct blood lead level screenings on a regular basis for children younger than age 6.
What is Secondary Prevention