Energy Metabolism
An organic compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form a catalytically active form. B-vitamins are common precursors.
What is a coenzyme?
This vitamin is most commonly associated with boosting immune function and preventing scurvy
What is vitamin C?
This B-vitamin is essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA and preventing neural tube defects in the first 4 weeks following conception
What is Folate?
This B vitamin is necessary for proper red blood cell formation and prevents megaloblastic anemia
What is folate?
The vitamin that is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines
What is vitamin D?
Niacin is required for the synthesis of these coenzymes involved in energy metabolism.
What are NAD and NADP?
Selenium is a component of this enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage.
What is glutathione peroxidase?
Vitamin A affects gene expression by binding to this receptor
What is the retinoic acid receptor or Retinoid X receptor?
Iron is an essential components of this protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
What is hemoglobin?
Which mineral is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes involved in energy metabolism, including ATP synthesis?
What is magnesium?
Riboflavin functions as a precursor for which coenzymes used in oxidative-reduction reactions?
What are FAD and FMN?
Zinc plays a critical role in the development and activation of these immune cells
What are T-Cells?
This micronutrient is a cofactor for the enzyme methionine synthase in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine
What is Vitamin B12?
Vitamin B6 is required for the synthesis of this compound critical for hemoglobin production
What is heme?
The mineral that is the primary component of hydroxyapatite in bone
What is calcium?
Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylation reactions. Name one metabolic pathway where biotin is critical.
What is gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, or amino acid metabolism?
This mineral, in addition to copper, is essential for the activity of superoxide dismutase.
What is Zinc or Manganese?
This nitrogen containing compound is not considered a vitamin, however it plays an important role as a methyl donor
What is choline?
This vitamin is a coenzyme for reactions that add a CO2 to glutamic acid in certain proteins producing Gla proteins that are essential for proper blood clotting
What is vitamin K?
This protein is involved in bone mineralization and requires vitamin K for activation
What is osteocalcin?
This B vitamin is required for the synthesis of Coenzyme A, which plays several key roles in nutrient metabolism and energy production.
What is pantothenic acid?
The way in which vitamin E helps protect cell membranes from oxidative damage.
What is by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation?
The way in which Vitamin D regulates gene transcription
What is by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which interacts with the vitamin D response element (VDRE) on DNA, regulating transcription of target genes?
Activation of this protein is vitamin K dependent and is the ultimate goal of the clotting cascade
What is fibrin?
This mineral pays a crucial role in bone health by regulating calcium transport and metabolism, hydroxyapatite formation, and vitamin D activation
What is magnesium?