Anatomy👁️
This is the transparent, avascular tissue forming the anterior one-sixth of the fibrous tunic of the eye.
What is the cornea?
This beta-blocker reduces aqueous humor production and is commonly dosed once daily.
What is timolol?
This structure is responsible for producing aqueous humor via active secretion.
What is the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium?
This type of lens converges parallel rays of light and corrects hyperopia.
What is a plus (convex) lens?
This HbA1c value represents the general diagnostic cutoff for diabetes mellitus.
What is 6.5%?
This muscle is responsible for forceful eyelid closure and is innervated by the temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII.
What is the orbicularis oculi?
This muscarinic antagonist is commonly used for dilation and cycloplegia and lasts about 4–6 hours.
What is tropicamide?
This ion pump is essential for maintaining corneal deturgescence and transparency.
What is the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump?
A lens with a focal length of 0.25 meters has this power in diopters.
What is +4.00D?
In hypertensive retinopathy, these whitish lesions represent localized ischemia in the nerve fiber layer.
What are cotton wool spots?
This structure serves as the common origin for the four rectus muscles and is located at the apex of the orbit.
What is the common tendinous ring (annulus of Zinn)?
This topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor can cause a bitter taste and stinging upon instillation.
What is dorzolamide?
This neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptors in the dark and inhibits bipolar cells.
What is glutamate?
This monochromatic aberration causes peripheral rays to focus at a different point than central rays.
What is spherical aberration?
This systemic autoimmune disease presents with dry eyes and dry mouth (sicca symptoms).
What is Sjögren’s syndrome?
This retinal layer contains the cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells.
What is the inner nuclear layer?
This cholinergic agonist used in glaucoma treatment increases aqueous outflow by contracting the longitudinal muscle of the ciliary body.
What is pilocarpine?
This protein in photoreceptors activates transducin after being stimulated by light.
What is rhodopsin?
This change in spectacle lens position (closer or farther away) will increase retinal image size in a hyperope.
What is moving the lens farther from the eye?
Deficiency of this vitamin can cause nyctalopia and Bitot’s spots.
What is vitamin A?
Lesions here produce a superior quadrantanopia due to disruption of fibers that loop into the temporal lobe.
What is Meyer’s loop?
This systemic medication used for acne can lead to increased intracranial pressure and papilledema.
What is isotretinoin?
This component of the electroretinogram (ERG) reflects the activity of photoreceptors
What is the a-wave?
This physical phenomenon, which explains why the sky appears blue and the fundus looks red during ophthalmoscopy, is wavelength-dependent and causes shorter wavelengths to scatter more strongly than longer ones.
What is Rayleigh scattering?
This tick-borne disease can cause Bell’s palsy, uveitis, and erythema migrans.
What is Lyme disease?