Fluids & Electrolytes
Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia
nausea, vomiting, flushing, muscle weakness, hypotension, respiratory depression
action and side effects of nitroglycerin?
Dizziness, nausea, headache, hypotension, flushed skin
Provide patient education for nitro administration
What causes gastric ulcers?
H. pylori
long term use of NSAIDS
What is happening to the lining of the stomach?
Risk factors for coronary artery disease?
Smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol (high LDL, low HDL), diabetes, obesity, family history
Signs of COPD exacerbation?
increased shortness of breath, increase O2 requirement, more frequent or severe coughing, changes in mucus (color, consistency), fatigue, wheezing, confusion, difficulty sleeping
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
tingling in lips/fingers/feet, muscle spasms, abnormal heart rhythms, brittle nails
What is the purpose of phenazopyridine and common side effects?
urinary analgesic that relieves bladder discomfort, a common and harmless side effect is orange/red urine discoloration (secretion), it does not treat the infection itself
How does peptic ulcer disease differ from duodenal ulcer?
Peptic ulcer is a broad term to include stomach or duodenum.
Duodenal is ulcer in duodenum. (function of GI tract)
Gastric is ulcer in stomach
Both are types of PUD
Key nursing management priorities for heart failure?
Monitor fluid status, daily weights, promote oxygenation, administer diuretics, educate on low-sodium diet.
L side HF s/s?
R side HF s/s?
How and when should patients take a bronchodilator?
Before meals, before medications, in emergency
Clinical signs of dehydration?
confusion, fatigue, confusion, dry mouth/skin, decreased urination, dark concentrated urine, hypotension, tachycardia
glipizide can lower blood glucose, what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
diaphoresis, headache, tremors, irritability, blurred vision, tachycardia
signs of hyperglycemia: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
What teaching is important for a patient with diverticulosis?
Focus on high-fiber diet, sufficient fluid intake, regular exercise, avoid medications that cause or worsen constipation.
purpose and side effects of corticosteroids
reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system; side effects include hyperglycemia, weight gain, osteoporosis, increased risk for infection, increased risk for GI bleed.
How does stress impact blood sugar levels in diabetics?
Stress increases cortisol which raises blood glucose levels.
Which electrolyte imbalance can cause tetany?
hypocalcemia
Tetany: intermittent muscle spasms
Common side effects of diuretics
hypovolemia/dehydration, hypokalemia, hypotension
What labs and assessment would you expect with someone who has hepatitis?
Elevated liver enzymes, jaundice (what is this), dark urine, pale stools, increased bleeding/bruising, edema, fatigue.
Unilateral leg swelling, pain, warmth, redness, pain
Treatment: Do not massage, blood thinners, we do not want to dislodge the clot
Expected findings in a patient with glaucoma?
gradual loss of peripheral vision "tunnel vision", elevated intraocular pressure, gradual blindness, no cure, medications are lifelong
What is the major complications seen in peritoneal dialysis?
Fluid balance
Electrolyte imbalances
Peritonitis (S/S) - medical emergency
medications used to treat side effects of chronic kidney disease
epoetin alfa- anemia
calcium acetate - phosphate binder (why)
furosemide - diuretic
sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) - hyperkalemia
What foods must be avoided in celiac disease?
Gluten
Grains, barley, rye
Examples: Bread, pasta, baked goods, crackers, cereals, sauces, marinades, hidden gluten, cross contamination (oats), beer, flavored drinks, seasoning, soups, and broths
Treatment?
common assessment findings for chronic kidney disease
anemia, hypertension, fluid retention, decreased GFR, increased creatinine and BUN, hyperkalemia,
Key teaching for patients taking metformin?
take with food to prevent GI upset, do not crush or chew, hold before IV contrast imaging.
Off label use for metformin?
PCOS, prediabetes, gestational diabetes