Renal Anatomy and Physiology
What are the two main functions of the kidneys?
filtering waste and regulating fluid/electrolyte balance
What is the 2 most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
diabetes mellitus and hypertension
What symptom often occurs due to fluid retention in CKD?
edema or swelling
What is one fluid-related nursing concern in CKD?
monitoring intake/output or managing fluid overload
Which type of dialysis allows treatment at home?
peritoneal dialysis
What hormone do the kidneys release to regulate blood pressure?
renin
What is polycystic kidney disease?
genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
Name two early symptoms of CKD.
fatigue and decreased urine output
What is a key dietary restriction for CKD patients?
low sodium, potassium, phosphorus, or fluid restriction
What common class of medication is avoided in CKD due to nephrotoxicity?
NSAIDs
How do the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance?
excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate
What leads to anemia in chronic kidney disease?
decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys
What neurological symptoms may appear in advanced CKD?
confusion, seizures, or tremors
Why should you avoid using an arm with an AV fistula for BP?
to protect the access site from damage or clotting
Why are diuretics sometimes used in early CKD?
reduce fluid overload and control blood pressure
How does the kidney respond to low oxygen levels in the blood?
releasing erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production
How does hypertension contribute to CKD?
causes damage to renal blood vessels and reduces blood flow to nephrons
What causes pruritus (itching) in CKD patients?
buildup of waste products in the skin
What is a nursing priority after dialysis?
monitoring for hypotension, bleeding, or electrolyte imbalance
Why are phosphate binders important in CKD management?
to prevent hyperphosphatemia and protect bones
What treatment removes waste and excess fluid when the kidneys are no longer functioning?
dialysis
How does CKD affect bone health?
disrupting calcium and phosphorus balance, leading to bone demineralization
What does protein in the urine (proteinuria) suggest?
glomerular damage
What is the purpose of fluid restriction in CKD?
to prevent fluid overload and pulmonary edema
During peritoneal dialysis, what is the role of the dialysate solution?
to draw waste products and excess fluid from the blood through the peritoneal membrane