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AKI Phases
KIDNEY & BLADDER CANCER
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
DIALYSIS + Misc
100

Four phases of AKI.

What are initiating, oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases?

100
The most common type of renal cancer.
What is Adenocarcinoma?
100
Acute Tubular Necrosis is the most common cause
What is Intrarenal failure?
100
When the GFR is <15ml/min.
What is ESRD?
100
A serious complication of Peritoneal Dialysis
What is Peritonitis?
200

Phase of AKI where renal function is restored, but GFR may be permanently impaired. Lasts up to 12 months.

What is the recovery phase?

200
The most significant risk factor for kidney cancer.
What is Cigarette smoking?
200
The lab value creatinine is diagnostic for this.
What is Acute kidney injury?
200

Identify 4 causes of CKD.

What is

Diabetes

Hypertension

Glomerulonephritis 

Renal cancer

SLE

Pyelonephritis

Renal artery stenosis

Nephrotoxic medications

Acute renal failure (ARF)?

200

List at least 2 A-V fistula complications.

What is infection, hemorrhage, or occlusion?

300

Length of oliguric phase in AKI.

What is 1-3 weeks?

300

At least 2 signs/ symptoms of bladder cancer.

What is

Painless hematuria

Frequency

Urgency

Nocturia?

300
pts urine output is less than 400ml/day, serum bun and creatinine are increased.
What is the oliguric phase of AKI?
300
Given to patients to stimulate RBC's production.
What is Epogen?
300

The expected cause of a patient is receiving hemodialysis, and the patient states they are feeling lightheaded.

What is hypotension?

400

Phase in AKI characterized by a gradual increase in urine output of 3-5 liter/ day, with the risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

What is the diuretic phase?

400

More common for renal cancer (men or women)?

What is men?

400

Three types of AKI.

What is pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal?

400

List 3 symptoms associated with CKD.

What is

Cardiovascular disease 

Peripheral neuropathy

Restless leg syndrome 

Psychological changes

Skin changes

Edema

Anemia?

400

Main goal of treatment for renal disorders.

What is maintain fluid and electrolyte balances (homeostasis)?

500

List 5 causes of prerenal AKI.

What is 

Intravascular volume depletion:

     hemorrhage, dehydration, diuretics, vomiting, NG suction

↓Cardiac Output: 

    MI, HF, dysrhythmias, shock

↓ peripheral vascular resistance (vasodilation): 

    sepsis, anaphylaxis, antihypertensive medications

↓ Renovascular blood flow

Infection or obstruction


500
Instillation of chemotheraputic or immune stimulating agents directly into the bladder.
What is Intravesical therapy?
500

List 4 causes of intrarenal AKI.

What is

Prolonged renal ischemia: 

    Myoglobinuria (burns, crush injuries, trauma

    Hemoglobinuria (transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia)

Nephrotoxic agents:

    Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, tobramycin)

    Contrast agents

    Heavy metals (lead, mercury)

    Solvents/chemicals (arsenic, ethylene glycol, carbon tetrachloride)

    NSAIDS

    ACE inhibitors

Intrarenal infection or Obstruction:

    Pyelonephritis

    Glomerulonephritis?

500

List at least 3 stages of kidney disease with the defining characteristics.

What is

Stage 1-Minimal kidney damage with normal or slightly increased GFR

    GFR greater than or = to 90 mL/min (At Risk)

Stage 2-Mild kidney damage with mildly decreased GFR

    GFR = 60-89 mL/min (Mild ↓)

Stage 3-Moderate kidney damage with moderate decrease in GFR

    GFR = 30-59 mL/min (Moderate ↓)

Stage 4 –Severe kidney damage with severe decrease in GFR

    GFR= 15-29 mL/min (Severe ↓)

Stage 5-Kidney failure and end-stage renal disease with little or no glomerular filtration

    GFR less than 15 mL/min  (End-stage kidney disease/Chronic renal failure)?

500

List at least 3 causes of postrenal AKI.

What is

Urinary tract obstruction

Calculi

Tumors

BPH

Strictures

Blood clots?