DIABETES MEDS & COMPLICATIONS
What blood glucose level defines hypoglycemia?
<70 mg/dL
What are the 3 "Ps" of diabetes?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
What type of DM is strongly associated with obesity?
DM2
Is Hyperthyroidism associated with a "hot and fast" or "cold and slow" metabolism?
Hot and Fast
When PTH increases, what happens to blood calcium?
Calcium increases. PTH elevated leading to elevated Ca.
Type 1 Diabetes
What hormone allows glucose to move from the bloodstream into cells?
Insulin
What is the general adult recommendation for moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week?
AT least 150 minutes per week.
What are the typical TSH and T4 findings in primary hypothyroidism?
What are the classic manifestations of hypercalcemia?
Stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric overtones.
What are the 2 major features that distinguish DKA?
What A1C level meets the diagnostic criteria for DM?
>_6.5%
Name 2 conditions associated with obesity.
Examples include:
HTN, CAD, HF, Dyslipidemia, Stroke, DM2, OSA, OA, PCOS, GERD, Gallbladder disease, and MASLD(fatty liver disease).
Name 3 manifestations of hyperthyroidism
Examples: heat intolerance (unable to regulate internal temp), sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, increased bowel movements, and insomnia.
What are 2 classic signs of hypocalcemia?
Positive Chvostek sign and positive Trousseau sign.
What are the 3 types of insulin coverage commonly used in Type 1 Diabetes?
Basal, prandial/bolus, and correction insulin.
Why does a pt with DM experience excessive urination?
Excess glucose spills into the urine and pulls water with it, causing osmotic diuresis and increased urination.
What are the 3 major components of obesity treatment before considering additional therapies?
Nutrition therapy, physical activity, and behavioral.
A pt taking methimazole develops a fever and sore throat. What serious adverse effect should the nurse suspect?
Agranulocytosis. The patient needs prompt eval/CBC as instructed.
Why can a patient develop hypocalcemia after a thyroidectomy?
The parathyroid glands may be accidentally damaged or removed, leads to decrease PTH leading to decreased calcium.
A pt. c DM1 is NPO before Sx. The nurse notices that the pt's basal insulin is scheduled. Should the nurse automatically hold the basal insulin?
No. Basal insulin should not routinely be withheld in DM1 because severe insulin deficiency can lead to DKA. Follow prescribed insulin-management orders.
A pt has excessive thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. What underlying problem explains these symptoms?
Hyperglycemia caused by ineffective insulin/glucose utilization.
A pt with obesity says, "I've tried dieting before and always fail". What is the best nursing approach?
Assess readiness to change, barriers, food access, meds, medical conditions, activity limitations, and support system, then develop realistic goals collaboratively.
A pt with hyperthyroidism suddenly develops a very high fever, severe tachycardia, agitation, vomiting, and diarrhea. What emergency should the nurse suspect?
Thyroid storm, a life-threatening hypermetabolic emergency.
A pt is recovering from a thyroidectomy and reports tingling around the mouth and fingers. The pt develops muscle cramping and a positive Trousseau sign. What is happening, and what is the priority concern?
Hypocalcemia from possible parathyroid injury. Monitor for severe neuromuscular complications, especially laryngospasm/airway obstruction and seizures.