Theorists
Believed that behaviors are controlled by unconscious urges.
Freud
What is a Teratogen?
An environmental agent like virus, drug, radiation, alcohol, etc. that can interfere with prenatal development.
Infant Motor Development Milestones:
When should the infant be able to pull up to stand, walk while holding furniture, drink from a cup, and clap/wave
12 months
How much sleep do Toddlers need in 24 hours?
11-14 hours / 24 hours
What does the term, "fast mapping" refer to?
a rapid process by which children hear a word and connect it with a general understanding of the concept
Personality is influenced by society and develops through stages.
Erikson
How many additional calories do women need during pregnancy?
300 - 500 more calories
What does Object Permanence mean?
Object exists even when we don’t see it.
Once a child has attained object permanence, they transition to next developmental stage, preoperational.
What are four food safety concerns for toddlers?
Grapes, Nuts, Hotdogs, Cuts of Meat, Popcorn, Gum, Marshmallows, honey, spicy, etc.
Define and provide an example of "Centration"
The act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others.
An example of centration is when a parent tells the child to brush their teeth, put on clean socks, and bring your book....the child just brings a book and forgets the other information
Social Learning Theory- learn through social context/observing/imitating.
Bandura
Which Trimester of pregnancy is most common for miscarriage?
1st Trimester (80% of spontaneous abortions occur; 1/4 of pregnancies will miscarry according to ACOG)
Name 4 infant reflexes and what they are.
Moro - loud noise = startle
Darwinian - grasp
Tonic Neck - Fencing position when placed on back
Babinski - sole of foot, fans toes
Rooting - head turn sucking when cheek stroked
How long should disciplinary "time-outs" be?
1 minute for 1 year
ex: 2.5 years old = 2.5 minute time-out
What is the leading cause of death for children?
Accidents are the leading cause of death in the United States for young children.
MVC, fires, drowning, suffocation, poisoning, or falls
Vygotsky's "Zone of proximal development" refers to what?
the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
"Scaffolding" = the actions to help/assist the completion of a task
400-600 units of Folic acid prevents
Neuro Tube Defects
Infant Motor Development Milestones:
When should the infant be able to sit independently, rake food with fingers, hand to hand objects, pincer grasp
9 months
What are two types of play that toddler engage in?
Parallel play - playing next to others without interaction
Exploratory play - sensory, trial and error
Associative play - playing with shared materials but without a common goal
By year 3 or 4 what are 5 examples of gross motor activities performed?
By the end of age 3: jumping, running, kicking, climbing stairs using ALTERNATING feet, pedals a tricycle, bends over without falling
By the end of age 4: Descends stairs alternating feet, hops 4-6 steps on one foot, throws ball overhand to play catch
Differentiate Piaget’s Sensorimotor primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions.
Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
Action and responses both involve infant’s own body
Ex: Baby sucks thumb—baby enjoys sucking – keeps sucking.
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
Action gets a response from another person, leads to baby’s repeating action
Ex: Baby coos – baby sees smiling face – continues to coo.
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18months)
Action gets pleasing result, leads to performing similar actions to get similar results.
Baby begins to experiment to see what happens.
Ex: Baby steps on squeaky toy, hears sound – baby picks up squeaky toy to squeeze to make sound
What is an Apgar score - what does it stand for?
Appearance; Pulse; Grimace; Activity; Respirations
Rear-Facing, Back Seat
What are four areas of readiness that need to be in place for potty training to be sucessful?
Physical - sphincter control
Cognitive- ability to recognize/verbalize need to go
Psychological - willingness to be potty trained
Parental Readiness - effort required
Name the Three parenting styles discussed, define them. Which is the ideal for creating healthy well-adjusted children?
•Authoritarian parenting: emphasizes control and obedience.
•Permissive parenting: emphasizes self-expression and self-regulation.
•Authoritative parenting: blends respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values.