All about Calcium
Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia
All about the Drugs
Joint Disorders
Miscellaneous
100

Two hormones are responsible for calcium homeostasis.

What are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?

100

The most common metabolic bone disease.


What is Osteoporosis?

100

Most common treatment for osteoporosis.

What are Bisphosphonates? Prototype drug alendronate (Fosamax).

Adverse effects of alendronate are diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, and rash.

100

A form of acute arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid (urate) crystals in the joints and other body tissues

What is gout?

100

Diagnostic test for osteoporosis.

What is the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scan (DEXA)? 

T score < -2.5 = Osteoporosis

T score -1.0 to -2.5 = Osteopenia
200

Cells responsible for bone resorption. 

What are Osteoclasts?

200

Risk factors for osteoporosis.

What are:

•Onset of menopause

•High alcohol consumption

•Anorexia nervosa

•Tobacco use

•Physical inactivity

200

Selective estrogen receptor modulator. It decreases bone resorption and increases bone mass and density by acting through the estrogen receptor. 

What is Raloxifene (Evista)? The most common adverse effects of raloxifene therapy are hot flashes, leg cramps, and weight gain.

200

Foods that are high in purines.

What are red meats, shellfish, alcohol, sugary beverages, and processed foods.

200

A chronic condition characterized by accelerated remodeling of the skeleton, producing enlarged and softened bones.

What is Paget's disease or osteitis deformans?

300

Cells responsible for new bone formation.

What are Osteoblasts?

300

Pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis.

What are

•Calcium and vitamin D therapy

•Bisphosphonates

•Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

•Calcitonin

300

Pharmacotherapy for Osteoarthritis.

What are

–Acetaminophen

–NSAIDs (including aspirin)

–Topical medications (capsaicin cream, prescription diclofenac [Pennsaid])?

300

Joint disorder that is characterized by symmetric disfigurement and inflammation of multiple joints.

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

300

A deposit of monosodium urate crystals - causes severe pain.

What is a tophus? Typically found in the big toe.

400

Drugs used to increase calcium levels in the blood.

What are Calcium salts?

400

Caused by a deficiency of vitamin D and calcium in the diet.

What is Osteomalacia?

400

Increases bone mass and density by acting through estrogen receptors.

What are Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)?

Primary use: prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

400

A progressive degenerative, age-onset disease that is characterized by the wearing away of cartilage at articular joint surfaces.

What is Osteoarthritis?

400

Administered by the subcutaneous route, usually every other week.

What is Adalimumab (Humira)? The most common adverse effects are injection site pain, upper respiratory infection, increased creatine phosphate, headache, and rash. 

Black Box Warning: Patients are at increased risk for the development of serious infections and malignancies. Latent infections such as tuberculosis and hepatitis B virus may become reactivated

500

The active form of vitamin D.  Used to treat osteomalacia. 

What is Calcitriol?

500

Osteomalacia in children.

What is rickets?

500

Pharmacotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

What are Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)?

Prototype drug: hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil)

Mechanism of action: relieves severe inflammation of arthritis and lupus

–Mechanism of action not known

500

Pharmacotherapy for Gout.

What are allopurinol and colchicine?

Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of uric acid

Allopurinol - use All the time for gout prevention

Colchicine - use for aCute attacks for symptom relief


500

Therapeutic Class: DMARD, drug for psoriasis, drug for inflammatory bowel disease

Pharmacologic Class: TNF antagonist

What is Adalimumab (Humira)? Adalimumab was the first human monoclonal antibody approved by the FDA to treat RA. Indications for the drug have expanded to include psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn disease, hidradenaitis suppurativa, ulcerative colitis, chronic plaque psoriasis, and uveitis.