SNS
The neurotransmitter in the SNS.
What is norepinephrine?
Neurotransmitter in the PNS.
What is acetylcholine?
Prototype for adrenergic drug (sympathomimetic).
What is Epinephrine? Epinephrine is frequently used in emergencies to treat anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic response. Epinephrine is a potent inotropic (myocardial contraction-strengthening) drug that increases cardiac output, promotes vasoconstriction and systolic blood pressure elevation, increases heart rate, and produces bronchodilation.
This drug is a parasympathomimetic and is used for the treatment of nonobstructive urinary retention.
What is bethanechol? Bethanechol is a direct-acting cholinergic agonist that interacts with muscarinic receptors to cause actions typical of parasympathetic stimulation. Uses: glaucoma, urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease
Never administer IM or IV
The drug you learned that should never be given IM or IV.
What is Bethanechol?
Types of receptors in the SNS.
What are alpha and beta receptors?
Types of receptors in the PNS.
What are muscarinic receptors?
Prototype for adrenergic-blocking drug (sympatholytic).
What is Atenolol? It is a selective beta1 blocker, decreases sympathetic outflow to the periphery and suppresses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) response. Beta blockers are useful in treating mild to moderate hypertension, angina, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (MI). Beta blockers should not be abruptly discontinued but rather should be tapered off.
Antidote for anticholinergic toxicity.
What is physostigmine? It is an indirect-acting parasympathomimetic that inhibits the destruction of ACh by acetylcholinesterase. Used for glaucoma and myasthenia gravis.
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) is prescribed for a client diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Priority nursing assessment includes assessing the:
a. Ability to chew and swallow.
b. Vital signs.
c. Urinary status.
d. Bowel motility.
What is A? Ability to chew and swallow.
Rationale: Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) stimulates skeletal muscle contraction, and helps to reverse the muscle weakness seen with myasthenia gravis. An improvement in chewing and swallowing should occur.
The adrenal medulla releases these hormones.
What are epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)? These are released directly into the bloodstream.
The various names for drugs that stimulate the PNS.
What are cholinergic agonists or parasympathomimetics?
Stimulation of this adrenergic receptor results in dilation of vessels & decrease in blood pressure.
What is Alpha2 receptor?
When Alpha2 receptors are stimulated, they inhibit the release of norepinephrine, leading to a decrease in vasoconstriction. This results in vasodilation & a decrease in blood pressure. Prototype is clonidine hydrochloride.
Drug for the treatment of bradycardia, the antidote for anticholinesterase poisoning.
What is atropine? By occupying muscarinic receptors, atropine blocks the parasympathetic actions of ACh and induces symptoms of the fight-or-flight response. Most prominent are increased heart rate, bronchodilation, decreased motility in the GI tract, mydriasis, and decreased secretions from glands
Functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
What are the motor and sensory neurons? Branching from the motor neurons are the somatic nervous system and the ANS. From the ANS there are the SNS and the PNS.
The various names for drugs that stimulate the SNS.
What are sympathomimetics and adrenergic agonists?
The various names for drugs that inhibit the PNS.
What are cholinergic-blocking agents, anticholinergics, parasympatholytics, or muscarinic blockers or antagonists?
A patient is told that he is being given an alpha1-adrenergic blocker. When he asks what this drug does, the nurse tells him that alpha-adrenergic blockers cause: (Select all that apply.)
a. vasodilation.
b. decreased blood pressure.
c. increased blood pressure.
d. vasoconstriction.
e. decreased heart rate.
What are answers A and B?
The nurse suspects that the cholinergic blocker the patient is taking is causing which one of the following adverse effects?
a. Diaphoresis
b. Confusion
c. Dry mouth
d. Increased urination
What is dry mouth?
Functional divisions of the central nervous system.
What are the brain and spinal cord?
The various names for drugs that inhibit the SNS.
What are adrenergic antagonists and sympatholytics?
The acronym DUMBBELLS for cholinergic adverse effects.
Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis/Muscle weakness, Bronchorrhea, Bradycardia, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation/Sweating
Bronchorrhea is an excessive pulmonary fluid with mucus that can occur with primary lung cancer or metastasis, chronic bronchitis, COPD, and heart failure.
A patient has been prescribed phenylephrine to help relieve nasal congestion. The nurse informs her that prolonged use of this drug can cause:
What is rebound congestion?
The preganglionic neurotransmitter and receptor for the PNS.
What is are acetylcholine and nicotinic?
Adrenergic agonists drugs that affect specific receptors to treat these conditions.
What are Beta1 receptors that treat cardiac arrest, HF, and shock?
What are Beta2 receptors that treat COPD, asthma, and preterm labor?
What are Beta3 receptors that treat overactive bladder?