Exam 1
These four signs are commonly observed in patients with pneumonia.
What are cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain?
This measurement represents the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart’s left ventricle with each contraction, often used to assess heart function.
What is ejection fraction?
This condition, characterized by leg pain during exercise that is relieved by rest, is caused by reduced blood flow to the muscles due to narrowed arteries.
What is peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?
This term describes a disorganized and nonsensical pattern of speech, where words and phrases are jumbled together in a way that lacks logical structure or meaning, and is often associated with schizophrenia.
What is word salad?
Named after the 19th century German physician who first noted it among patients with advanced diabetes mellitus, this type of rapid, deep breathing is respiratory compensation for a metabolic acidosis, most commonly occurring with diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are Kussmaul respirations?
This practice involves restricting movement of a body part after an injury to prevent further damage, reduce pain, and stabilize the injured area to promote healing.
What is immobilization?
This chronic inflammatory bowel disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the anus, and is characterized by cobblestone ulcers in the GI tract.
What is Crohn's disease?
This expectorant medication is used to help clear mucus from the chest and throat, making it easier to cough up phlegm.
What is guaifenesin?
This condition involves a severe elevation in blood pressure without acute target organ damage, requiring prompt medical attention to prevent complications.
What is hypertensive urgency?
This class of anticoagulant works by inhibiting Factor Xa (a key enzyme in the blood clotting process) to prevent clot formation.
What are Factor Xa inhibitors (enoxaparin, rivaroxaban, apixaban)?
This condition is characterized by an intense fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of crowded places or open spaces.
What is agoraphobia?
This molecule is the stored version of glucose, primarily found in the liver and muscles.
What is glycogen?
This condition, characterized by weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures, can be influenced by factors such as diet, exercise, and lifestyle choices.
What is osteoporosis?
Symptoms of this chronic inflammatory bowel disease include bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and frequent bowel movements.
What is ulcerative colitis?
This condition occurs when there is a significant decrease in bicarbonate levels in the blood, leading to an increase in acidity.
What is metabolic acidosis?
This drug increases myocardial contractility but has a narrow therapeutic range and when levels become too high, it can lead to abnormal electrical activity in the heart.
What is digoxin?
This vascular disorder leads to hair loss on the legs and feet, slow nail growth, coldness of the lower legs or feet, and pain or cramping during exercise that is relieved by rest.
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
This mental health condition is characterized by persistent and excessive worry about everyday situations that is disproportionate to the actual situation. This can interfere with daily life and is often accompanied by physical symptoms.
What is General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
This non-invasive procedure used to treat kidney and ureteral stones uses high-energy shock waves to break the stones into smaller fragments, which can then pass through the urinary tract and be expelled from the body.
What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?
This is responsible for lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption within the joints.
What is synovial fluid?
This condition involves the inflammation or infection of small pouches that can form in the walls of the digestive tract, often causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
What is diverticulitis?
This small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum is thought to play a role in the immune system by housing beneficial bacteria.
What is the appendix?
Patients on this anticoagulant medication need regular monitoring of their PT/INR levels to ensure safe and effective dosing.
What is warfarin?
This autoimmune disorder causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States
This mental disorder's name translates to "splitting of the mind," reflecting a disconnect between thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
What is schizophrenia?
This condition, often associated with Type 2 diabetes, results from extremely high blood sugar levels, severe dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances, which can disrupt normal brain function and increase the risk for seizures.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)?
This tissue, which cushions joints and allows smooth movement, is worn down as a result of mechanical stress, chronic inflammation and excessive stress on weight-bearing joints, which can lead to bones rubbing against each other leading to pain, stiffness and reduced mobility.
What is cartilage?
This chronic inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by noncontiguous patches of inflammation, often referred to as "skip lesions."
What is Crohn's disease?
This common bacterial skin infection is characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain, often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria.
What is cellulitis?
This condition is characterized by fluid buildup on the right side of the body, including the jugular veins, the abdomen, and the feet and ankles.
What is right-sided heart failure?
This serious condition occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lung, leading to symptoms like sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
What is a pulmonary embolism?
(what is the treatment?)
This short-term condition involves a change in mental status due to infection, medication, or other medical factors.
What is delirium?
Latin for 'wolf,' this disease is characterized by a malar rash thought to resemble a wolf's bite. It involves an immune response by autoantibodies (anti-nuclear antibodies) against a person's own tissues.
What is Lupus?
Named after a 19th Century French pathologist who studied osteoarthritis, these bony swellings occur in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of the fingers.
What are Bouchard's nodes?
These are often the first step in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
What are anti-inflammatory medications?
(Amino salicylates (mesalamine); corticosteroids; immunomodulators)
These four risk factors are commonly associated with cholecystitis, particularly gallstones.
What are the 4 F's - female, fat, forty, and fertile?
Obesity, high salt intake, stress, and lack of physical activity, can contribute to the development of this common condition.
What is hypertension?
This condition, often associated with thyroid disorders like Graves' disease, is characterized by the abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs.
What is exophthalmos (proptosis)?
This acronym stands for a clinical scale used to assess and manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
What is the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA)?
This medication is used to treat osteoporosis as it inhibits osteoclast activity and binds to bone to inhibit bone resorption. It is comprised of two phosphate groups connected to a carbon atom.
What are bisphosphonates?
This type of fracture, often caused by falls or sitting down forcefully, occurs when a vertebra in the spine collapses.
What is a compression fracture?
This type of dietary component is recommended to help manage diverticulosis by promoting healthy bowel movements and preventing complications.
What is 35 to 45 grams of fiber per day?
Pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, and jaundice can be signs of these deposits made of cholesterol or bilirubin.
What are gallstones?
This condition, caused by the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, reduces blood flow to the heart and can lead to chest pain or heart attacks.
What is coronary artery disease?
This essential element is crucial for the production of thyroid hormones and is commonly found in table salt.
What is iodine?
This personality disorder is characterized by excessive attention-seeking behavior, dramatic expressions, and flamboyant or provocative dressing."
What is histrionic personality disorder?
These two types of finger deformities are commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis, one resembling a buttonhole and the other a swan's neck.
What are boutonnière and swan neck deformities?
A rare and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when fat particles enter the bloodstream and block blood vessels. This typically happens after trauma to long bones (like the femur), or during certain medical procedures like joint replacements or liposuction.
What is fat embolism syndrome (FES)?
This diagnostic procedure, often used for inflammatory bowel disease, involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera to examine the colon.
What is a colonoscopy?
This condition involves the inflammation of a small, finger-shaped pouch attached to the large intestine, often causing severe pain in the lower right abdomen, nausea, and fever.
What is appendicitis?
This condition, often associated with heart failure, occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium.
What is mitral regurgitation?
In this condition, damage to the valves in the veins causes blood to pool in the legs, leading to increased pressure in the veins.
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
This personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights and wellbeing of others, often involving manipulative, deceitful, or impulsive behavior.
What is antisocial personality disorder?
This non-cancerous condition involves the enlargement of the prostate gland, commonly affecting older men and leading to urinary symptoms.
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
This autoimmune disease causes inflammation in the synovial membrane, leading to joint damage, bone erosion, and characteristic deformities.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
This condition involves the formation of small pouches in the walls of the colon, which may not cause symptoms but can lead to complications if they become inflamed or infected.
What is diverticulosis?
This condition involves the formation of open sores in the lining of the stomach that can cause pain, nausea, and internal bleeding. It is often due to infection with Helicobacter pylori or the use of NSAIDs.
What is peptic ulcer disease?
These cholesterol-lowering medications can sometimes cause muscle pain or cramps as a side effect.
What are statins?
This vitamin is used as an antidote for an overdose of warfarin, which is commonly used to prevent and treat blood clots.
What is vitamin K?
Derived from Greek an- (not, without) + hedone (pleasure) + -ia (condition of), this term describes the inability to experience pleasure or joy, often associated with conditions like depression or schizophrenia.
What is ahnedonia?
This condition's name combines a Greek word meaning 'to pass through' and a Latin word meaning 'sweet like honey,' reflecting its symptoms of frequent urination and sweet-tasting urine."
What is diabetes mellitus?
A fracture that has several disruptions producing shattered bone fragments within the fracture site.
What is a comminuted fracture?
This term describes the type of inflammation in Crohn's disease that affects all layers of the intestinal wall, often leading to complications such as abscesses and fistulas.
What is "transmural"?
This medical diagnosis describes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both of which are characterized by airflow obstruction.
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
This condition, characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in arterial walls, can be caused by factors such as high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes.
What is atherosclerosis?
This butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck produces hormones that regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.
What is the thyroid gland?
This phase of crisis management focuses on calming the individual, reducing tension, and preventing escalation to a more dangerous situation.
What is the de-escalation phase?
This medication is used to treat male pattern hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
What is finasteride?
These fibrous tissues connect muscles to bones, enabling movement by transmitting the force generated by muscle contractions.
What are tendons?
This form of inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by inflammation limited to the mucosa and submucosa layers of the colon.
What is ulcerative colitis?
These interventions are most effective in preventing the development of a pulmonary embolism after surgery.
What ae early mobilization, anticoagulants, and mechanical compression devices?
This potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, characterized by swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat, can be caused by ACE inhibitors.
What is angioedema?
Abrupt discontinuation of anti-thyroid medications can lead to this life-threatening condition characterized by a sudden and severe increase in thyroid hormone levels.
What is thyroid storm?
Weight gain, tardive dyskinesia, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular complications are side effects of the long-term use of these medications.
What are antipsychotic medications?
Prednisone and prednisolone are examples of these medications, often used int he short term to manage acute flares of SLE due to their potent anti-inflammatory effects.
What are corticosteroids?
Another name for osteoarthritis?
What is degenerative joint disease (DJD)?
This form of diverticulitis involves severe symptoms and complications such as abscesses, perforations, fistulas, or obstructions, often requiring hospitalization and possibly surgery.
What is complicated diverticulitis?
This condition occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing inflammation and irritation of the esophagus.
What is GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)?
This type of medication affects heart rate and blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors. Side effects can include dizziness or lightheadedness or a slow heart rate (bradycardia).
What is a beta blocker?
The hearts natural pacemaker that initiates the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm and cause the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles.
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
This class of medications, often prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, and other mental health issues, works by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA.
What are benzodiazepines?
BONUS: WHAT IS THE REVERSAL AGENT FOR BENZODIAZEPINES??
This immunosuppressive drug is a genetically engineered monoclonal antibody administered by subcutaneous injection to treat the symptoms of various autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease). It binds to and blocks the activity of tumor necrosis factor (a protein produced by the immune system that plays a key role in inflammation and immune responses).
What is adalimumab (Humira)?
This autoimmune disease causes joint pain and stiffness, which often improves with movement but can worsen with prolonged activity throughout the day."
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
This serious complication of inflammatory bowel disease arises from chronic inflammation and increases the risk of abnormal cell growth in the colon.
What is colon cancer?
This condition occurs when chronic acid reflux leads to changes in the lining of the esophagus, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
What is Barrett's esophagus?
This type of chest pain occurs predictably with exertion or stress and is relieved by rest or medication, indicating reduced blood flow to the heart due to narrowed coronary arteries.
What is stable angina?
This test, which compares blood pressure in the ankle and arm, is commonly used to diagnose peripheral vascular disease.
What is ankle-brachial index (ABI)?
This personality disorder is characterized by intense mood swings, chronic feelings of emptiness, inappropriate and intense anger, unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, impulsive and risky behaviors, and suicidal behaviors or self-harming actions.
What is borderline personality disorder?
One lumen to inflate the bulb inside the bladder, one lumen to connect to the irrigation solution, and one lumen to drain the bladder.
What are the 3 lumens in a 3-way catheter?
This neurotransmitter, crucial for regulating movement and emotional responses, is significantly reduced in individuals with Parkinson's disease.
What are diverticula?
Unlike antacids, which neutralize stomach acid temporarily, this class of medication works by blocking acid production at the source to provide longer-lasting relief.
What are proton pump inhibitors?
This type of heart failure occurs when the heart muscle becomes stiff and can't relax adequately between beats, preventing it from filling with enough blood to pump out effectively
What is diastolic heart failure?
This activity is often prescribed for clients with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) once they have started anticoagulation therapy as it promotes blood flow, reduces discomfort in the affected limb, and maintains muscle strength and overall mobility.
What is early ambulation?
This disorder is characterized by repetitive rituals that interfere with daily life, such as excessive washing, checking, or counting.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
This condition involves damage to the peripheral nerves, causing symptoms like pain, tingling, and numbness, often in the hands and feet.
What is peripheral neuropathy?
This term describes one of the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease, characterized by slowness in initiating and executing movements (inability to perform rapid, alternating movements).
What is bradykinesia?
Rebound tenderness in the abdomen can signify this serious complication of diverticular disease, which can lead to peritonitis.
What is ruptured diverticulum?
This medication forms a protective barrier over ulcers by binding to positively charged proteins in the stomach lining, shielding them from acid, pepsin, and bile salts.
What is Carafate (sucralfate)?
This system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body through a series of hormone interactions involving the kidneys, liver, lungs, and adrenal glands.
What is the RAAS system?
A medical test provides a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity from 12 different angles.
What is a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG)?
This personality disorder is characterized by submissive and clingy behavior, a lack of self-confidence, and a need for excessive advice and reassurance.
What is Dependent Personality Disorder?
This blood test measures the level of a specific protein produced by the prostate gland and is commonly used to screen for prostate cancer.
What is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?
This type of tremor, often seen in Parkinson's disease, resembles the motion of rolling a small object between the thumb and index finger.
What is a pill-rolling tremor?
Clear liquid diet, antibiotics for 7-10 days, rest, analgesics, antispasmodics, and bulk-forming laxatives.
What is the treatment for diverticular disease?