Sodium Imbalances
Potassium Imbalances
Calcium Imbalances
100
This is a recommended treatment for hyponatremia.
Hyponatremia is low level or concentration of sodium.
Treatment involves slow replacement of Na+, correcting the fluid imbalance (0.9% NACL), or restricting oral fluid itake.
100
These are at least two causes of hypokalemia.
What are:
-GI fluid loss including NG suction
-Kidney disease impairing reabsorption of potassium
-Cushing syndrome
-Medications: meds that increase kidney potassium loss include diuretics, corticosteroids, and beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonists.
S/sx: slow shallow breathing, hypoactive bowel sounds, hyperglycemia, lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
100
These are at least two causes of hypocalcemia.
What are:
•Dietary: Lack of Ca+ intake, inadequate Vit D or lack of protein, malabsorption
•ESKD
•Pancreatitis
•Damage to or removal of parathyroid hormones
A normal range for calcium is 8.6–10.2 mg/dL.
S/sx: frequent painful muscle spasms to legs/feet during sleep, muscle twitching, paresthesia in hands/feet/lips/nose/ears.
200
These are at least two causes of hyponatremia.
What are:
-Actual sodium deficits (insensible fluid loss, vomiting, diarrhea, medications, etc.)
-Relative Na+ deficits (diluted): excessive water intake/polydipsia, kidney failure, SIADH, HF, liver cirrhosis
200
These are at least two causes of hyperkalemia.
What are:
-Excessive K+ intake, IV K+ infusions
-Decreased renal function
-Meds: K+ sparing diuretics
-Tissue damage, crush injuries, burns (K+ released from ICF)
S/sx: muscle twitching, leg weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, lethal cardiac arrythmias like heart block or v-fib), numbness hands/feet, increased bowel motility
200
This is at least one treatment for hypocalcemia.
What are:
•Oral Calcium with Vit D
•10% IV Calcium Gluconate in D5W
•Nutrition therapy
300
This electrolyte imbalance manifests as muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, weak/rapid pulse/hypotension, and possible seizures.
What is hyponatremia?
-Normal Na+ level is 136–145 mEq/L
-Results in: reduced excitable membrane depolarization and cellular swelling
300
This is at least one treatment for hyperkalemia.
What is:
-IV insulin (after IV dextrose)
Insulin increases the activity of sodium-potassium pumps, which move potassium from the ECF into the cell through administration of IV fluids containing glucose and insulin.
-Withhold/stop K+ containing medication, including K+ sparing diuretics
-ECG monitoring
•NO LONGER Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) due to adverse GI effects
Treatment for hypokalemia:
-ECG monitoring
-Oral, liquid, or IV K+ replacement
-Medication adjustment (hold diuretics)
300
Flaccidity, weakness, bone tenderness, renal calculi, and cardiac arrhythmias are all manifestations of this electrolyte imbalance.
What is hypercalcemia?
Causes:
• Excessive oral intake of calcium/vit D
•Chronic kidney disease
•Medications: diuretics, thiazides, overuse of Ca+ containing antacids
•Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH), Immobility
•Metastasis Neoplastic Disease –breast , prostate, melanomas, bone, others
•Cellular destruction, bone tumor
400
This electrolyte imbalance can cause muscle twitching, excessive thirst, confusion, restlessness.
What is hypernatremia?
-Normal Na+ level is 136–145 mEq/L
-Can be caused by actual Na+ excesses (kidney failure, excessive oral intake/IV fluid intake, corticosteroids) or by relative sodium excesses (dehydration, infection, meds)
400
A flattened T-wave & prominent u-wave on a ECG monitor would be indicative of this electrolyte imbalance.
What is hypokalemia?
Tall peaked T-waves, & wide QRS complexes is associated with hyperkalemia.
400
The name of these signs found in A, and B/C can indicate this electrolyte disorder.
What is hypocalcemia?
A. is the Chvostek's sign It is a contraction of a facial muscle in response to a light tap over the facial nerve
B and C is the Trousseau's sign a carpal spasm incudes by inflating the BP cuff above the systolic pressure for a few minutes