Infection transmission
What are the three elements of infection transmission?
Agent, Host , Environment
This is the most important and simple procedure to combat infection transmission.
Hand hygiene
Define a safe injection.
Does not harm the recipient, does not expose the provider to avoidable risks and does not result in waste which can harm the community.
How are transfusion reactions classified?
1. Immediate / acute : within 24 hours
2. Delayed - beyond the first 24 hours
What are the three (3) inter-related concepts needed for the spread of an infection ?
1. Source
2. Susceptible host
3. Mode of transmission
Name four (4) types of hand hygiene.
1. Routine handwashing 2. Handwashing with antiseptic soap and running H2O 3. Alcohol-based hand-rub 4. Surgical hand-rub
True or False -Medical asepsis is used to avoid contamination of sterile injection equipment.
FALSE
Chagas disease is caused by
The protozoa parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi (T. cruzi)
What are the six (6) components of the chain of infection?
1. Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3.Portal of exit
3. Mode of transmission 4. Portal of entry
5. Susceptible host
Transmission-based precautions are used in which three modes of transmission?
1. Air-borne 2.Contact 3. Droplet
Name ONE best practice approach to injection administration.
1. Do not recap -use scoop method 2. Dispose of used needle in a puncture-resistant container 3. Clean diaphragm of vials with 70% alcohol before inserting needle etc.
There is no vaccine for Chagas disease. How is it treated?
Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
Differentiate between Direct and Indirect-contact transmission.
Direct - body surface to body surface contact
Indirect - contact of a susceptible host with an intermediate object or fomite
Define sterilization and name one (1) method.
A process that destroys all microbes including spores and viruses e.g. Autoclaving / Chemicals/ Physical-chemical
Name three (3) blood-borne diseases which can result from injections.
1. HBV 2. HCV 3. HIV.
Describe briefly what happens in the brain of a client with Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease.
Normal brain protein changes to an abnormal form of a cellular glycoprotein called the prion protein. This accumulates in the brain cells and damage the nerve cells.
Differentiate between Droplet & Airborne transmission and give an example of a disease condition for each.
Droplet -propelled through the air and deposited on the host's mm e.g. Influenza, Mumps, Rubella, Meni
Airborne - droplet nuclei containing microbes that remain suspended in the air for long periods e.g. TB, Measles, Chicken pox, SARS
Differentiate between isolation & quarantine.
Isolation -creation of a barrier to prevent the transmission of infection to or from a client
Quarantine -separation and restriction of movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become ill
What are the NINE rights?
Patient, Drug, Formulation, Injection equipment, Dosage, Time, Route, Storage and Method of disposal
Name the three preventative measures for malaria
Avoid endemic countries/use repellents/clothing/use of bed nets/ advise to take medication as prescribed
Indicate three (3) characteristics of an Ideal Waste Disposal Container.
1. Well-fitted lid 2. Be leak proof 3. Be non-corrosive 4. Be washable