Environmental Health
Dynamic community of plants, animals, microorganisms, nonliving environment in which they live
Ecosystem
Used to assess an entire population determinants of health and health infrastructure within country
Patterns of Care
What are health disparities?
Differences among populations in the quantity of disease, burden of disease, age and rate of mortality due to disease, health behaviors, and outcomes, and other health conditions
Name three characteristics of a healthy family
communicate/listens, balance of interaction, sense of shared responsibilities, teaches sense of right/wrong, abounds in rituals/traditions, respects privacy, admits to problems and seeks help
What are the social determinants of health?
conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
What is the global burden of disease (GBD) and what is it used for?
calculates health disparities (disadvantages socially, economically, or environmentally)
measures the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) by adding the total years of life lost (YLL) due to diseases and premature mortality to the years lived with disability (YLD)
Example of Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor domain
Cognitive-remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create (insulin can control DM)
Affective-emotion or feeling
Psychomotor-demonstration of skills
What is the EXHALE acronym used for and what does each letter mean?
Used in asthma for control
E-education on asthma self-management; X-xtinguish smoking/secondhand; H-home visits for trigger reduction; A-achievement of guidelines-based medical management; L-linkage and coordination of care; E-environmental policies to reduce indoor, outdoor, occupational sources of asthma triggers
Which environmental framework is used to determine risks when there is limited evidence but there is a concern or threat?
Precautionary Principle
What are the three eras of epidemiologic transition?
Higher income countries progress in order, low income can have several happening at same time
Era of infectious Disease-die from infectious disease, death rate high, life expectancy low, birth rate high. Depended on children for care.
Era of chronic, long-term health concerns-antibiotics = live longer; children survive to adulthood, birth rate drops; because living longer, chronic disease develop
Era of social health conditions-anchored in social issues; where you live determines health (access to food, health care, schools)
Health Promotion and Education: A nurse teaches a class on sensible weight control for teenagers.
Which level of prevention?
Primary
During a health promotion session, a nurse explains the importance of early intervention for victims of violence. Which level of prevention does this represent?
Secondary Prevention
What scale would the CHPN teach patients with COPD to monitor?
AQI (calculated based on air pollutants of ground level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide)
What is the demographic transition model?
Evaluates whether the population is decreasing or increasing based on birth/deaths, whether people are migrating
Long life, small family
Short life, large family
The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions.
Health literacy
Behavioral-enuresis/fecal soil of bed, inappropriate sexual behavior, don't want to be alone with certain individuals, self injury, refuses to remove clothing, new toys/gifts, substance use
Emotional-nightmares, extreme worry or fear, sexually explicit language, mood changes
Give an example of Upstream Focus
Asthma-working to decrease air quality
What is the burden of hosting?
CPHN nurses who volunteer must be provided housing, meals, transportation, and a translator by host.
Give example of unfreezing, changing/moving, refreezing
Should include:
Unfreezing-when desire for change develops
Changing/moving-people examine, accept, try
Refreezing-change is accepted
Developmental-part of normal growth, precipitated by life transition point, gradual onset, response to development demands and society's expectations
Situational-unexpected, jeopardizes physical/psychological well-being, internal or external
Traumatic crisis-unexpected, overwhelming, unusual event; occurs to individual or group; events cause death, destruction, injury, sacrifice