Parts of Brain and trauma
Role of the hippocampus following a traumatic event
The hippocampus is located deep within the brain's unconscious core in the mid brain is important for explicit memory retell reality testing in the innovation of the Magdala researchers found that the hippocampus is charm and traumatized individuals a smaller for those who have suffered physical or sexual abuse. For those who have been significantly traumatize is much harder to process any new experience if there are not enough cells in the hippocampus. (Weber, p59-60)
Acetylcholine
This neuro transmitter occurs in the cholinergic it tracks extending from the limbic structures to the cortex, and a decrease in concentration is associated with memory and cognitive impairments. Also it regulates mood mania and sexual aggression an increase is associated with depression. Ultimately, acetylcholine is known for cognition and memory. (weber pg 73)
Domineering
Too aggressive. Ex: "I argue with other people too much."
Source:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657574/
Closed-end questions
The client reply would be yes or no.
Ex: Are you feeling sad today?
Expressive psychotherapy
Expressive therapy uses forms of creative expression such as art, music, and dance to help people explore and transform difficult emotional and medical conditions.
The psychodynamic treatment of choice for those with borderline character structure is expressive psychotherapy. (Weber, pg 268)
Ex: Art therapy, Dance therapy, music therapy, writing therapy
Role of the Amygdala follow a traumatic event.
The amygdala is a bulbar structure at the end of the hippocampus. The amygdala mediates the crisis response and powerful emotions such as anger, fear, and rage. The amygdala makes connections with the thalamic pain centers through a rich array of connections to the visual and other sensory modalities. Studies have shown two types of reactions to traumatic events: in one there is an emotional under modulation with intrusive symptoms leading to hyper activity of the medial prefrontal cortex in inhibition of the amygdala and other types indicates hypoarousal of the prefrontal cortex AND activation of the amygdala. (weber pg 60)
Cortisol
Cortisol is a stress hormone that mobilizes energy stores, stimulates the release of glucose, potentiates the release of adrenaline, increases cardio vascular tone, and inhibits growth, immune and inflammatory responses. (weber pg 73)
Intrusive
Seeking attention inappropriately.
Ex: "I want to be noticed too much."
Source:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657574/
Empathetic statement
The counselor seeing the client's world as they see it.
Ex: "I understand how frustrating it must be to wait this long for your order."
Group therapy
There are a wide variety of groups with both varying purposes and functions. Psychoeducational groups are the most common place groups to most practicing nurses. These groups primarily function to facilitate education or information to patients and or families about various psychiatric mental topics. Psychoeducational groups can meditate as educational processes and promote knowledge about a multitude of topics such as psychiatric diagnosis, addictions, medication, self-care, and recovery issues.
Groups such as these reinforce information augment knowledge and improve wellness psychoeducational groups are often time limited with these special specified number sessions being offered. The content of the cycle educational groups lends itself to structure where group members can assign specific topics for discussion during each session. They can be facilitated by either a professional such as a nurse, health care educator, social worker, LMHC or a non professional group leader.
reinforce information augment knowledge and improve wellness psycho educational groups are often time limited with these special specified number sessions being offered the content of the cycle educational groups lends itself to structure where group members can assign specific topics for discussion during each session they can be facilitated by either a professional such as a nurse health care educator
Support groups are another type of group that focuses on providing group members with an environment that they can share with others who are experiencing a common type of experience such as grief, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes.
Self help groups are formed in order to provide mutual support to their members these groups come together because of shared experiences such as substance use disorder in order for group members to help each other deal with the specific experience.
(Weber, pg 472-473)
Role of the hypothalamus following a traumatic event.
The hypothalamus is located deep in the middle and base of the brain and is the region of the brain where the nervous system intersects and communicates with the endocrine system. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure, body temperature, sleep, appetite, glucose levels and the autonomic nervous system. During stress a cascade of psychological responses occur with the limbic-hypothalamic system modulating and coordinating the biochemical activity of the autonomic endocrine and immune systems. (weber pg 61)
Dopamine
Dopamine is produced in the substantia Niagara and other areas in the brain stem. It is a key neuro transmitter for motor action, integration of emotions, and thoughts, and decision making. It stimulates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis also known as HPA axis to release hormones and acts as a rewards system. Elevated levels of dopamine can change mood, increase motor behavior, and disturbs frontal lobe functioning resulting in depression, memory impairment, and apathy. Parkinson's disease and depression have been linked with decreased levels of dopamine and an increase is linked with schizophrenia and mania. (Weber, pg 73)
Overly Nurturing
Too eager to please others
Ex: "I try to please other people too much."
Source:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657574/
Gentle Command
Ex: "Tell me about your family."
Psychoanalytic therapy
Patients who are considered ideal candidates for psycho analytical psychotherapy are those with neurotic to healthy personality organization and those who primarily rely on mature defenses. If the person wants to understand himself or herself deeply and significantly change psychoanalysis may be indicated.
Psychoanalysis is more intense than psychoanalytical psychotherapy in that session frequencies is increased and the transference is intensified.
(Weber pg 271)
Role of the thalamus following a traumatic event
The thalamus is located deep in the brain acts as a relay station for the top down bottom up rural networks that connect the cortex to the limbic system. There is a constant interaction between the thalamus in the cortex in all sensory information except for smell which is routed through the balance to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus mediates the interaction between attention and arousal and is therefore relevant to the phenomenology of trauma. High levels of arousal during traumatic experiences are thought to lead to altered thalamic processing and neural imaging studies have found decreased thalamic activity in subjects with PTSD. (Weber p 59)
Gaba
Gaba is an inhibitory neurotransmitters found in most neurons in the central nervous system. It is involved in post synaptic inhibition with benzodiazepines are given for anxiety, which further decreases the firing of the neurons. It plays a role in inhibition reduces aggression, excitation, and anxiety. It has an anti convulsant and muscle relaxing properties it impairs cognition and psychomotor functioning. A decrease is associated with anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and mania. (weber pg 73)
Vindictive
Suspicious and distrustful
Ex: "I find it difficult to really care about other people's problems."
Open-ended question
Ex: "How do you feel about starting school?"
"What brought you into the clinic today?"
Supportive therapy
Supportive psychotherapy is psycho dynamic in that it is based on my knowledge of the patient's psychodynamics which shapes the approach but the goals of treatment differ considerably. Whereas, psychoanalytical psychotherapy aims to restructure defenses and change personality organization through the interpretation of feelings fantasies and believe supportive psychotherapy aims to strengthen defenses, promote problem solving, restore adaptive functioning, and provide symptom relief.
(weber pg: 265)
Random: Describe the Socratic dialogue and why it is used
Socratic Dialogue is the hallmark of C. B. T. It is a technique described as mutual discovery in which the therapist guide patients through a series of questions and answers to elicit automatic thoughts and assumptions and examines the logic and evidence that relates to them. The former synthesizes the patients information and the therapist interprets it back to the individual encapsulating intentions, motivations, and conflicts. By interpreting for the patient it is thought that the therapist will lead the person to insight, integration, and eventual change. S.D. consist of a series of well please questions that literally glide through person to his or her own conclusion based on the therapist expected response rather than simply pointing out the answer to the individual. (Weber pg 363)
Glutamate
Glutamate is found in all cells and it's major receptor is in N.M.D.A. It helps regulate brain development. Too much glutamate is toxic to the neurons. (Weber, pg: 73)
Random: Swing question
Swing questions are essentially closed-ended questions that use 'will', 'can', 'would', 'could', and 'should'.
Ex: Can you tell me how your birthday party went?
Qualitative question
Ex: "How would you describe your sleep pattern?"
Trauma- focused cognitive behavioral therapy
When the patient is no longer engaging in life threatening or therapy interfering behaviors and has a strong trusting relationship with his or her therapist the patient and the therapist can begin to focus on traumatic experience that brought the patient to therapy. Most psycho therapeutic approaches recommend some kind of controlled reexperiencing of the traumatic events to begin processing the memories in a more functional manner, thereby reducing symptoms. This may be through such similar strategies as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy or exposure therapy.
(Weber pg 699-700)