Slow growing and require a prolonged treatment course (months)
What is the poor patient compliance over time leads to resistance with mycobacteria (tuberculosis, leprosy and MAC)?
100
broad spectrum antibiotics that can cause tendon rupture (though rare), QTc prolongation and end in "-floxacin"?
What are fluoroquinolones?
100
polyene antifungals (Amphotericin B), "-azoles", echinocandins and pyrimidine analogs
What are the four classes of systemic antifungal drugs?
100
Difficult to treat this without causing harm to the host since treatment relies on human cell enzymes
What are viral infections?
100
The nurse has been caring for a patient who has been taking antibiotics for 3 weeks. Upon assessing the patient, the nurse notices the individual has developed oral thrush. What describes the etiology of the thrush?
What is Suprainfection?
200
Always treated with at least 2 drugs to decrease resistance and relapse (4 drugs common); duration of treatment is 6 months and is transmitted by inhalation/ aerosolized in sputum
What is tuberculosis?
(90% of individuals with normal immune systems never develop clinical or radiologic evidence of the disease)
200
these 3 cause drug-food interactions with fluoroquinolones and should be given separately so the medication can be absorbed
What are iron, magnesium and calcium?
200
significant drug interactions due to inhibition of CYP450
What are the Azole antifungals?
200
First choice for herpes simplex viruses or varicella-zoster infections
What is Acyclovir?
200
Which side effect of clindamycin (Cleocin) causes the most concern and may warrant discontinuation of the drug?
What is diarrhea?
300
Given together for active TB infection. Side effects include: peripheral neuropathy (prevent by taking B6 during treatment) and hepatotoxicity for one medication and hepatotoxicity and discoloration of bodily fluids (orange) for the other
What is Isoniazid and Rifampin?
300
Drug of choice for anthrax but can also be used for other respiratory infections, UTI, bone infections and skin infection. Can also cause confusion, psychosis and visual disturbances.
What is Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)?
300
Can be seen in patients who use inhaled corticosteroids and do not rinse their mouths after dose; can be treated topically (nystatin) or orally (fluconazole)
What is oral candidiasis?
300
Prodrug form of Acyclovir
What is Valacyclovir? (pro-drug= inactive form of a medication; pro-drugs convert to the active drug in the body)
300
A patient is receiving tobramycin 3 times daily. The provider has ordered a trough level with the 8:00 AM dose. The nurse will ensure that the level is drawn at what time? 4:00 AM, 7:00 AM, 7:45 AM or 8:45 AM
What is 7:45 AM?
400
Along with Isoniazid and Rifampin, these other two medication are the gold standard for tuberculosis treatment
What are Pyrazinamide (bactericidal) and Ethambutol (bacteriostatic)? Monthly vision checks need for Ethambutol (SE: optic neuritis)
400
Used to treat C.diff infections and can cause neurotoxicity, confusion, and suprainfections
What is Metronidazole (Flagyl)?
400
to treat onchomycosis (fungal nail infection); long course necessary and hepatotoxicity is a potential adverse effect
What is Lamisil?
400
used to prevent and treat cytomegalovirus infection (CMV); bone marrow suppression is a serious side effect
What is Ganciclovir? (50-85% of Americans 40 and over have; only really affects immunocompromised patients
400
A patient is about to begin therapy with ethambutol. The nurse knows that, before initiating treatment with this drug, it is important to obtain which test(s)?
What is an eye exam due to optic neuritis risk?
500
Azithromycin or clarithromycin (macrolides) are recommended for prevention of this infection in immunocompromised patients
What is MAC (mycobacterium avium complex)? Treated with azithromycin+ethambutol+rifampin.
500
topically used for bacterial infections; also can be used as a surgical site irrigation in the OR
What is bacitracin?
500
Binds to fungal cell membrane and increases permeabiliyu of the fungal cell; may be fungistatic or fungicidal
What is the mechanism of action for Amphotericin B?
500
used to hepatitis; adverse effects include flu-like symprtoms and neuropsychiatric effects including depression
What is Interferon alfa?
500
A patient with no known drug allergies is receiving amoxicillin (Amoxil) PO twice daily. Twenty minutes after being given a dose, the patient complains of shortness of breath. The patient’s blood pressure is 100/58 mm Hg. What will the nurse do?
What is contact the provider and prepare to administer epinephrine?