FLUIDS
Name the universal blood donor type.
O-
An assessment that can indicate the presence of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia.
What is a Chvostek sign?
The homeostasis of acidic and basic (alkaline) compounds in the blood to maintain a blood pH of between 7.35 and 7.45.
Acid-base balance
Why is oxygen safety important when oxygen is used in the home?
Although oxygen is generally a safe gas, it can be highly combustible in the presence of certain materials. Therefore, safety in the home is imperative.
Examples of opioid medications
Morphine, hydromorphine, fentanyl
A solution that has more solutes than are present within the cell and results in fluid movement out of the cell
Hypertonic
What indicates a sodium level above 145 mEq/L?
Hypernatremia
Low pH and bicarbonate levels are an indication of what?
Metabolic acidosis
What is a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device is a machine with a hose and either a mask or nosepiece. It delivers a constant and steady flow of air, creating a positive pressure to keep the upper airway open. CPAP keeps the alveoli open and improves the amount of oxygen in the tissues.
Constant or recurring; lasts longer than 6 months.
Chronic pain
A solution that has fewer solutes than cell components and results in fluid moving into the cell
Hypotonic
What is the purpose of potassium
Potassium assists with nerve and muscle cell function; essential for muscle cells in the heart
What is the purpose of decreasing the respiratory rate in a client with metabolic alkalosis?
To retain carbon dioxide to balance bicarbonate and regain homeostasis.
The flow of air inside or outside of the alveoli. Oxygen is transported into the alveoli and carbon dioxide is taken out.
Ventilation
Pain that is felt in a tissue, an organ, or a damaged part of the body, or as referred pain
Nociceptive pain
A solution that has the same number of solutes than cell components and results in no fluid movement into or our of the cell
Isotonic
Electrolyte that supports the function of nerves and muscles, maintains normal blood pressure, and regulates fluid balance in the body
Sodium
Name a common cause of respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation
The flow of blood driven by the cariopulmonary system into the alveolar capillaries
Perfusion
Principle for heat and cold therapy (minutes on and off)
20 minutes on and 20 minutes off after when heat or cold therapy is applied
What are some reasons why older adults are at a higher risk for dehydration?
Lowered thirst response, total body fluid decline, decreased kidney function, medications, chronic illnesses
Test that can indicate low calcium or magnesium levels and spasms in the wrist and hand (carpopedal spasms) when a blood pressure cuff is inflated above the systolic blood pressure.
Trousseau sign
When the blood in the body is too acidic, with an HCO3- less than 21 and a pH less than 7.35
Metabolic acidosis
How often should the nurse encourage the client to use the incentive spirometer?
The nurse should teach the client to do 10 repetitions per hour and hold the breath for 3—5 seconds during each repetition.
Nerve pain that arises from the somatosensory system, described as intense, burning, and shooting.
Neuropathic pain
A complication of IV therapy in which too much fluid is administered too quickly.
Circulatory overload
Electrolyte that helps with regulation of nerve and muscle function, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, and making DNA, protein, and bone.
Magnesium
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the lungs and the body fluids, which results in a PaCO2 greater than 45 and a pH less than 7.35.
Respiratory acidosis
Consists of percussion of the chest, vibration, and postural drainage.
Chest physiotherapy
small amounts of a pain medication at a basal or continuous rate, as prescribed by the provider, or a small bolus of medication when the client pushes a button.
PCA (patient controlled analgesia)
Device inserted peripherally through a vein in the arm with the tip centrally located to administer fluids, blood, medications, and other therapies.
PICC
The kidneys are responsible for the primary excretion of _________ (90%)
Potassium
Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis
anxiety and confusion, fatigue, shortness of breath, lethargy and sleepiness, tremors, flushed skin, and sweating.
CNS manifestations may appear as twitching of the hand muscles; prolonged exposure can lead to nausea, generalized convulsions, dysphoria, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
Oxygen toxcity
The four ethical principles related to pain management
Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice