Education
What year and where was the first formal nursing training program based in?
A) 1874 at the General and Marine Hospital in St. Catharines, Ontario
B) 1895 at the General hospital in Ottawa, Ontario
C) 1866 at Kingston General Hospital in Kingston, Ontario
A) 1874 at the General and Marine Hospital in St. Catharines, Ontario
What is an important factor that contributed to nurses' trauma in the world wars? SATA
a) Large influxes of patients who had very severe wounds from the war
b) Seeing lots of deaths everyday
c) Uncomfortable uniforms
d) Workplace bullying
a) and b) are correct
a) Large influxes of patients who had very severe wounds from the war
b) Seeing lots of deaths everyday
Edith Monture, a Mohawk woman of the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve was the first Indigenous Canadian nurse. She was barred from schools in Canada so she:
A) Pursued training in America and served the American Military in World War I
B) Pursued training on the field of World War I as a volunteer nurse
C) Founded the first nursing school for the Indigenous in Canada
D) Was unable to become formally accredited, but made significant impacts through medical and traditional healing
A) Pursued training in America and served the American Military in World War I
What is the process, pioneered by WWI nurses at ‘Casualty Clearing Stations’ close to the front lines, by which injured patients are sorted based on how quickly they need to be seen in order to survive?
A) The sieve method
B) The short-sort
C) First-come, first-served
D) Triage
Triage (Veterans Affairs Canada, 2005)!
This process was perfected by nurses during the Vietnam War, in which nurses also intubated, placed chest tubes, and for the first time, cannulated veins for intravenous therapy (Finucane, 2004).
This technique was developed by nurses during WW1 to minimize infections during cleaning of wounds
Antiseptic cleansing techniques
Nurses learned the importance of addressing head, chest, and abdominal wounds rapidly and developed the concept of treating infections immediately
Where and when was the first baccalaureate nursing program established in Canada?
A) 1920 at the University of Alberta
B) 1915 at University of Toronto
C) 1919 at University of British Columbia
D) 1916 at University of Manitoba
C) 1919 at University of British Columbia
What is one way that nurses may have coped with working during war?
a) Visiting home
b) Took time off to practice self care for themselves
c) Social support → writing letters to family, camaraderie with other nurses
d) Avoided getting to know and connecting with patients
c) Social support → writing letters to family, camaraderie with other nurses
Jan McCarthy served in the Vietnam war, and upon return, advocated for the need to:
A) Develop procedures for amputations as they were common in conflict
B) Develop a field nursing course to prepare nurses physically and mentally to enter field military practice
C) Develop antibiotic administration guidelines to deter antibiotic resistance beginning to appear
D) Develop a screening process to select nurses fit to transition from civilian to field military practice
B) Develop a field nursing course to prepare nurses physically and mentally to enter field military practice
In which conflict did civilian women first take on the role of wartime nurses in an organised way, replacing the previous practice of male soldiers providing peer-to-peer care?
A) WWI
B) WWII
C) Crimean War
D) Vietnam War
The Crimean War!
Nurse leaders like Mary Seacole and Florence Nightingale reduced in-hospital mortality from more than 40% to 2% by emphasising hand-washing, nutrition, and even moving the sickest patients closer to the nurses’ station – an early precursor of the ICU and its extra-attentive nursing (Finucane, 2004; Jefferies et al., 2022).
What teaching technology developed since the mid-1930s allowed for students to actively learn without the jeopardization of patients
Simulator mannequins
Because there was a limited time that students were exposed to clients, the simulation methods allowed students to actively learn in clinical settings, with errors discussed immediately
TRUE or FALSE: There were 218 training schools for nursing by 1930 that were operated out of 886 hospitals?
TRUE
What are some similarities between working as a nurse in war and in a hospital now? SATA
a) Long 12 hr shifts
b) Staffing shortages
c) Good implementation of sterile and hygienic practices
d) Primarily dealing with wound care
a) and b)
a) Long 12 hr shifts
b) Staffing shortages
Mary Seacole was rejected to join the British nursing contingent during the Crimean War effort for the colour of her skin. In response she:
A) Funded her own way to Crimea and established a place of recovery for soldiers
B) Raised funds locally to send supplies to medics in the front lines of Crimea
C) Remained to train nurses to join the British nursing contingent
D) Joined a political party to raise awareness of discrimination in the nursing profession
A) Funded her own way to Crimea and established a place of recovery for soldiers
Which country was the first to train nurses in the speciality of flight nursing?
A) France
B) The United States
C) Canada
D) Germany
The United States!
The first class of flight nurses graduated in 1943, during WWII. These flight nurses evacuated wounded soldiers from the frontlines to definitive care. In addition to state-of-the-art techniques for treating trauma patients, they specialised in arctic, tropical, and mountain medicine. One WWII flight nurse, Elsie Ott, was the first woman to receive the USAF Air Medal after evacuating four critically ill patients at the same time (Thomas, 1986).
What concept introduced post WW1 aided in caring of patients on few hours notice
Mobile hospitals
With all of their equipment packed in trucks, these hospitals were designed closely to follow the combat units they supported and to be able to care for patients on a few hours notice
Where and When was the PhD program established in Canada?
A) 1986 at Queens University
B) 1991 at the University of Alberta
C) 1999 at Dalhousie University
D) 1978 at University of Western Ontario
B) 1991 at the University of Alberta
What’s one barrier that impacted nurses care during war?
a) Not having enough male nurses
b) Insufficient knowledge about wound care
c) Trauma from nursing during the war
d) Limited supplies → led to nurses having to witness and do procedures on patients without anesthesia, lack of sanitation that led to many nurses getting sick themselves
d) Limited supplies → led to nurses having to witness and do procedures on patients without anesthesia, lack of sanitation that led to many nurses getting sick themselves
True or False: Edith Clavell is a British nurse remembered for her courage in the First World War for remaining in German occupied cities to treat wounded soldiers of all countries
True. She was later captured and executed by German soldiers suspected as a spy.
What was the name of the organisation, built by Black Canadian nurses who had been banned from serving in the First World War or even training in Canada, that provided public health services to Black communities and cared for Black veterans returning from the European theatre?
The Black Cross Nurses of Canada. These women were also activists for the desegregation of nursing schools in Canada, and were eventually responsible for the admission of the first Black Canadian nursing students in the late 1940s (Finucane, 2004; Ontario Nurses’ Association, 2023).
During the Post -WW1 Influenza Pandemic in 1918, what did nurses and the medical department do with the overcrowding in base hospitals
a) send away those that weren’t experiencing severe symptoms
b) assigned two patients in one bed
c) place patients in the corridors and porches of the base hospital
d) listed hospital at capacity, resulting in an increased death toll
C
Placing patients in the corridors and porches of the hospital increased air flow, reducing risk of transmission to hospital staff and other patients
TRUE or FALSE: the first training program for psychiatric nursing was established in 1930 in Brandon Manitoba?
FALSE it was in 1921 in Brandon Manitoba
Choose the incorrect option of some of the ways that nurses may have interpreted/perceived their roles in the war in a positive way?
a) Post-traumatic growth → through demonstrating their worth and value of their skill set
b) Furthering the nursing profession
c) Contributing to the suffrage movement
d) The result from serving during the war only includes PTSD
d) The result from serving during the war only includes PTSD
Hazel Todd was a superintendent of a unit of Canadian civilians that volunteered to provide nursing care to the military. This unit was organized by St.John Ambulance Association and was called:
A) Voluntary Aid Detachment
B) Military Aid Detachment
C) Nursing Aid Detachment
D) Voluntary Nursing Aid Detachment
A) Voluntary Aid Detachment
What cornerstone procedure of high-acuity nursing care was first assigned to nurses in the Second World War?
A) Intravenous access
B) Medication administration
C) Open thoracotomy
D) Massage
Intravenous access!
Prior to WWII, only physicians could perform venipuncture, but during WWII, nurses began obtaining IV access in order to administer fluids to trauma patients. During this conflict, American nurses were also the first nurses to take on the role of administering blood (Sandelowski, 2010).
What method was used by nurses in the absence of blood pressure monitors and stethoscopes to detect wound shock in WW1 soldiers
Hands; their hands became instruments of differential diagnosis
Mary Borden, influential war nurse and a novelist, recalls the use of her hands in differentiating between “the cold of the harsh bitter night and the stealthy cold of death”. Nurses used the hands-on method to recognize soldiers coming off the battlefield in shock, and stabilize them.