Infection
Difference in primary and secondary infection
Primary = first infection that occurs in a patient
Secondary = Infection that follows primary infection
What is the pathophysiology of cellulitis?
an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and underlying connective tissue
What is the pathophysiology of influenza?
a result of lung inflammation and compromise caused by direct viral infection of the respiratory epithelium, combined with the effects of lung inflammation caused by immune responses recruited to handle the spreading virus
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
inflammation of lung parenchyma (lung tissue including bronchioles, bronchi, blood vessels, interstitium and alveoli)
Which of the following medications would be appropriate for Influenza?
A) Penicillin
B) Metronidazole
C) Oseltamivir
D) Gentamycin
C) Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
This test needs to be done for any patient with an infection to determine the course of antibiotics to use.
What is culture and sensitivity?
Nurses are responsible for preventing this specific type of pneumonia.
What is Hospital-acquired pneumonia?
What are the signs and symptoms of cellulitis?
Rapid onset, Client appears ill, Erythema, Edema, Warmth, tenderness around area, Fever, chills, malaise, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) and Lymphangitis
What are the signs and symptoms of influenza?
-Chills and fever
-Malaise, muscle aches and headache
-Dry nonproductive cough, sore throat, substernal burning, coryza
What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
-Local effects: cough, excess mucus production, dyspnea, hemoptysis, chest pain
-Many clients will have crackles or diminished lung sounds
-Systemic effects: fever, diminished appetite, malaise, cyanosis, other manifestations of impaired gas exchange
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea
Can you diagnose me?
A child with RSV develops increased WBC, chest x-ray with infiltrates, has C&S of sputum.
What is pneumonia?
The indication of increased neutrophil count.
What is a bacterial infection?
How do we diagnose cellulitis?
Blood Studies may show increased WBCs
Cultures taken to identify causative organisms
Blood cultures if client has toxic appearance
How do we diagnose influenza?
Nasal, throat, nasopharyngeal swabs or washes to obtain specimens
-History, Clinical findings, Knowledge of outbreak in community
-Chest x-ray and WBC count to rule out complications (e.g., pneumonia)
How do we diagnose pneumonia?
Chest x-ray, sputum culture and sensitivity
A client is prescribed Ceftriaxone (Rocephin). What allergies should the nurse assess for?
Cephalosporin and Penicillin allergy
Can you dianose me?
A client is contagious 1 day prior to symptoms that last 5-7 days.
What is influenza?
What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Patient's not completing their prescribed antibiotic course.
How do we treat/prevent cellulitis?
Treated with oral antibiotics- outpatient
-Severe cases or large affected areas- treated with systemic antibiotics and analgesics in hospital
-Adequate rest
-Elevation of affected area
-Infection control measures
How do we treat/prevent influenza?
-Antiviral drugs
-Over-the-counter analgesics provide relief of fever and muscle ache
-Antitussives for cough
-Bed rest
-Adequate fluid intake
-Hygiene interventions
How do we treat/prevent pneumonia?
Antibiotics, Corticosteroids, Bronchodilators, Mucolytics, fluids, oxygen, chest physiotherapy
Prevention- Ambulating after surgery, incentive spirometer, infection prevention, swallow evaluations.
A client is about to receive a influenza vaccine. What allergy should the nurse assess for?
Egg
When the nurse taps on the back of a patient with pneumonia to increase oxygen
What is chest physiotherapy?
If positive, would reveal infiltrates?
What is a chest x-ray?
What do we need to teach our client about cellulitis?
-Client will report pain of “3” or lower, on scale of 1-10
-Client will describe situations requiring contact with the provider
-Client will explain how to take antibiotics and analgesics properly
What do we need to teach our client about influenza?
-When to seek medical attention
-Wash Hands
-Incentive Spirometer or medication information
-Instruct client, visitors to control secretions (tissues)
-Prevent further transmission. distance of at least 3 feet from others
-Use droplet precautions
What do we need to teach our client about pneumonia?
-How to use an incentive spirometer, to finish entire antibiotic course, when to seek medical attention, splinting/cough and deep breathing techniques, medication side effects, energy conservation.
A patient has an allergic reaction to the antibiotic given. Name the first 3 nursing actions.
1) stop the antibiotics
2) HOB up / apply oxygen as needed
3)Give prescribed medications (epinephrine, antihistamine, steroids, bronchodilators)
Can you diagnose me?
Superficial bright red, well-defined borders, and inflammation of the skin located in the epidermis
Erysipelas