DKA/HHS
what are the symptoms of DKA
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, acetone breath, kussmaul respirations, abdominal, N/V
clinical manifestations of AKI
oliguria, uremia, increased potassium (bonus question: what does this do to the heart), fluid volume overload, lethargy, muscle twitching, seizures, dry skin, swelling, edema
presence of kidney stones within the urinary tract
manifestations: flank pain, urinary frequency, difficult urination, urinary retention, hematuria, fever, N/V, tachypnea
treatment: lithotripsy, surgical stent, surgery to remove
urolithasis
alterations in the glomerular membrane allowing proteins to leak from the kidneys into the urine
manifestations: weight gain, facial and periorbital edema, lower extremity edema, ascites, FROTHY URINE
management: immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide
nephrotic syndrome
occurs in type 1 diabetics, ketones are used for energy, glucose of 350-500
insulin deficiency= hyperglycemia=osmotic diuresis=dehydration
treat with: insulin bolus and then continuous
check potassium levels-they may go high
DKA
phase of AKI where urine output of <400 ml/ day (this can last for up to 14 days)
oliguric phase
what are the types of incontinence.
stress, urge, mixed, overflow, functional
acute renal disease resulting in renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia
Risk: GI infection with E. coli/shingella/salmonella, malignancies, genetic disorder
manifestations: diarrhea, rectal bleeding
hemolytic uremic syndrome
symptoms similar to DKA but include more neurological involvement and the glucose levels are much higher. onset is more gradual
treatment: insulin bolus and continuous infusion
HHS
what would we expect with BUN and creatinine during AKI. What is the normal for both of these labs
they would both be elevated
creatinine 0.8-1.2
BUN 8-22
a system of urinary drainage using the small intestine after removing the bladder
ileal conduit
a form of nephrotic syndrome that is a result of a previous disorders damage
secondary nephrotic syndrome
which two electrolytes need to be monitored during HHS/DKA therapy
sodium and potassium
the onset of the injury to the onset of symptoms
initiating phase
What is the difference between nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis
nephro is calculi in the kidneys, uretero is a calcification in the ureter
form of nephrotic syndrome that is inherited
congenital nephrotic syndrome
patient interventions to prevent the onset of DKA/HHS
check blood glucose q4h, maintain fluid intake, ingest 150g carbs daily, proper insulin management, don't get diabetes (duh)
tell me what the three types of AKI are and what causes each type.
Prerenal: external factors that decrease blood flow to kidneys (ischemia, narrowed arteries)
Intrarenal: damage to kidney itself (loss of O2 or nephrotoxic drugs)
Post renal: damage after the kidney (mechanical obstruction of lower urinary tract, kidney stone, tumor)
what are medications used to help with incontinence
anticholinergics- block the parasympathetic to help relax the bladder
estrogen- for stress incontinence
tricyclic antidepressants: for mixed or urge
should we, as nurses administer antidiarrheal to children that are experiencing diarrhea from hemolytic uremic syndrome
no, the bacteria is good! we want the diarrhea!!! its moving all the yuck out of the body