NUTR 435 Final Exam Review

Malnutrition

100

Biomarker that should not be used in the diagnosis of malnutrition

What is albumin

200

Two recommendations for prevention/treatment of sarcopenia 

Adequate energy intake

Strength based exercise

Adequate protein intake 

300

Three consequences of malnutrition 

•Loss of lean muscle mass

•Immune suppression

•Nocosomial infections

•Suboptimal wound healing

•Respiratory muscle weakness

•Longer hospital length of stay & increased hospital costs

•Poor surgical outcomes- mortality and morbidity

400

4 of the 6 criteria for diagnosing malnutrition 

Intake, Involuntary Weight Loss, Muscle Wasting, Fat Wasting, Edema, Handgrip Strength

500

Example of a condition/disease that would fall under each of these:

-starvation related malnutrition

-chronic disease malnutrition

-acute disease/injury malnutrition 

Starvation: anorexia, food insecurity

Chronic disease: organ failure, cancer, malabsorption

Acute disease/injury: pancreatitis, appendicitis, trauma/burn

Neuro Disease

100

Genetic variant that puts one at risk for CVD and Alzheimer's Disease

Apo E4

200

2 risk factors for dementia 

•Age (65+)

•Female

•Genetics (5% of case related to early onset)

•ApoE4

•Cardiovascular disease

•Diabetes

•Oxidative stress/damage

•Head injury

•Depression

300

Common nutrition concerns of someone with a neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimers, dementia or Parkinson's disease)

-Lack of appetite or forgetting to eat

-Dysphagia

-Self feeding difficulty 

-Malnutrition 

400

5 Components of the MIND Diet (there are 10)

•Green leafy vegetables

•Other vegetables

•Nuts

•Berries

•Beans

•Whole grains

•Fish

•Poultry

•Olive oil

•Wine?

500

Difference between ischemic and hemmorhagic strokes, and what 2 conditions put one at risk for an ischemic or hemmorhagic stroke?

Ischemic: lack of blood flow (often caused by atherosclerosis)

Hemmorhagic: rupture of blood vessel (often caused by hypertension)

CKD

100

GFR value that indicates kidney FAILURE

What is GFR <15

200

Micronutrient that must be supplemented in someone with chronic kidney disease.

Vitamin D (in form of calcitrol)

or Iron (EPO)

300

3 risk factors for CKD

Diabetes

Cardiovascular Disease

Hypertension

Ethnicity (African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans)

Genetics 

400

Four nutrients that may need to be restricted in someone with CKD

Sodium

Fluid

Potassium

Phosphorus 

Protein (0.6-0.8 g/kg pre dialysis)

500

Three nutrition interventions to prevent kidney stones

-May need to limit high oxalate foods (if root cause of kidney stones)

-Adequate fluid intake

-Adequate calcium intake (avoid calcium supplements)

-Avoid Vitamin C supplements 

GI

100

Individuals with this condition often need to avoid vegetable and fruit skins/peels and whole nuts and seeds.

What is IBD

200

The intake of this vitamin or mineral is often restricted in those with liver disease.

What is sodium

300

Vitamin that often requires supplementation in those with alcoholic liver disease

What is thiamin

400

Two risk factors for MASLD

•Alcoholism

•Type 2 diabetes mellitus

•Metabolic syndrome

•Obesity

•Polycystic ovary syndrome

•Obstructive sleep apnea

•Dyslipidemia

•Parenteral nutrition

•Steroid use

500

3 nutrition/lifestyle recommendations to reduce risk of IBD

•Nutrient dense dietary pattern

•Limit processed foods

•Adequate sleep

•Avoid smoking

•Reduce stress

•Limit antibiotic exposure

•Breastfeeding (for children)

Bone/Lung

100

Ethnic/racial groups at highest risk for osteoporosis

What is Caucasian and Asian (Caucasian being the highest)

200

Describe the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoblasts = build: deposit minerals into bone

Osteoclasts= crush: dissolve mineral composition of bone and deposit into blood 

300

3 Vitamins that act as an antioxidant besides Vitamin C

What is: Vitamin A, Vitamin E, selenium, zinc

400

Those with lung disease may chronically take a medication known to cause osteoporosis. What is the medication, and HOW does this cause osteoporosis?

Inhaled corticosteroids

ICS cause a decrease in intestinal absorption and increase in urinary excretion of calcium

•↑PTH, causing bone resorption (breakdown)

500

Describe what purines are, what are 2 foods that are high in purines, and the health condition that can result from high consumption of purines.

Purine: compound in food that metabolizes into uric acid. Elevated uric acid = gout. 

Food high in purines are: anchovies, sardines, meat, game meats, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms, asparagus, cauliflower, spinach, oatmeal