B-VITAMINS & ENERGY METABOLISM
The B-vitamins act primarily as these molecules that combine with enzymes to activate them.
What are coenzymes?
These are the nine amino acids that must be obtained from food because the body cannot produce them.
What are essential amino acids?
This trace mineral is part of hemoglobin and plays a major role in oxygen transportation in blood.
What is iron?
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat is 20-35% of total energy, and the recommendation for saturated fat is less than this percentage.
What is 10% (of total energy)?
This cardiovascular condition involves narrowing of arteries due to plaque deposits, often called "hardening of the arteries."
What is atherosclerosis?
This B-vitamin deficiency disease, called beriberi, causes fatigue, muscle weakness, and nerve damage.
What is thiamin (or vitamin B1)?
Proteins act as these biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves.
What are enzymes?
This trace mineral affects virtually every body system and plays a critical role in hemoglobin synthesis and immune function.
What is zinc?
These reference standards for nutrient intakes include the RDA, AI, EAR, and UL.
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (or DRIs)?
Normal systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg, and normal diastolic blood pressure is less than this number.
What is 80 mmHg?
Deficiency of this B-vitamin results in pellagra, characterized by the "four Ds": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
What is niacin?
These proteins defend the body against foreign substances and are designed to target specific invaders.
What are antibodies?
This protein containing copper is critical for iron transport in the body.
What is ceruloplasmin?
This eating pattern emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy while limiting sodium to help reduce blood pressure.
What is the DASH diet?
This disease involves damage to the small intestine lining when gluten is consumed and is inherited.
What is celiac disease?
This B-vitamin is critical during the first few weeks of pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects, and women of childbearing age should consume 400 μg daily.
What is folate?
This severe form of protein-energy malnutrition causes edema, muscle wasting, and a swollen belly in children.
What is kwashiorkor?
This trace mineral is required for synthesis of thyroid hormones that regulate body temperature and metabolic rate.
What is iodine?
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for carbohydrates is this percentage range of total energy intake.
What is 45-65%?
Low intakes of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 are associated with elevated blood levels of this amino acid linked to cardiovascular disease.
What is homocysteine?
This condition, caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, results from malabsorption and causes macrocytic anemia.
What is pernicious anemia?
These excellent buffers help maintain acid-base balance by preventing blood from becoming too acidic or too alkaline.
What are proteins?
This trace mineral enhances insulin's ability to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells.
What is chromium?
Athletes are generally advised to consume 6-10 grams of this macronutrient per kilogram of body weight to support training.
What is carbohydrate?
This Type of diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells.
What is Type 1 diabetes (or insulin-dependent diabetes)?