Fats & Lipids
This type of fatty acid has hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond and is especially harmful to cardiovascular health.
What is a trans fatty acid?
These are the nine amino acids that must be obtained from food because the body cannot produce them.
What are essential amino acids?
This mineral is the major positively charged electrolyte in extracellular fluid and most Americans consume 2-4 times the recommended amount.
What is sodium (Na+)?
This B-vitamin deficiency disease causes symptoms including the "four Ds": dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death.
What is pellagra - niacin (B3) deficiency?
These cells break down or erode bone tissue during the resorption phase of bone remodeling.
What are osteoclasts?
This process adds hydrogen atoms to liquid oils to make them more solid, creating harmful trans fats.
What is hydrogenation?
This process involves combining two or more incomplete protein sources to create a complete protein profile.
What is mutual supplementation (or complementary proteins)?
This condition occurs when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake and can lead to serious health consequences.
What is dehydration?
This B-vitamin, also known as B1, plays a critical role in glucose breakdown and deficiency causes beriberi.
What is thiamin?
This vitamin D deficiency disease in children causes bone malformation and is characterized by bowed legs.
What is rickets?
This lipoprotein delivers cholesterol to cells and high blood levels increase CVD risk, earning it the nickname "bad cholesterol."
What is LDL (low-density lipoprotein)?
This process removes the amine group from amino acids so they can be used for energy production.
What is deamination?
This potentially fatal heat illness is characterized by failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms and requires immediate medical attention.
What is heat stroke?
Neural tube defects can result from a deficiency of this B-vitamin during the first few weeks of pregnancy.
What is folate (B9)?
This trace mineral combines with calcium and phosphorus during tooth development to form fluorohydroxyapatite, protecting against cavities.
What is fluoride?
The AMDR recommends that this percentage of total energy intake should come from fat.
What is 20-35%?
The RDA for protein for sedentary adults is this many grams per kilogram of body weight per day.
What is 0.8 grams?
This diet, which stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, is recommended for managing blood pressure.
What is the DASH diet?
These molecules combine with enzymes to activate them and help them function, which is the primary role of B-vitamins.
What are coenzymes?
This condition, also called hypocalcemia, can be caused by kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, or diseases affecting parathyroid hormone production.
What is low blood calcium (or hypocalcemia)?
This disease is characterized by deposits called plaques that narrow blood vessels, referred to as "hardening of the arteries."
What is atherosclerosis?
This enzyme, activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach, begins breaking peptide bonds between amino acids.
What is pepsin?
This is the movement of water across a membrane toward a higher concentration of solutes.
What is osmosis?
This vitamin-like substance accelerates the synthesis and release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is found in eggs, liver, and milk.
What is choline?
Peak bone density, the maximum amount of bone tissue achieved, occurs before this age.
What is 30 years old (or age 30)?